1. Phosphorus deficiency symptoms in vegetables The leaves of old leaves were dark green, dull or purple in color. From the lower leaves, the leaf edges gradually became yellow and then they died. Some vegetables lacked phosphorus, and the lower leaves and stem bases were purple. , In the seedling stage is more obvious in the middle and late to ease, when severe phosphorus deficiency, leaves dead and fall off. Small stems, more woody. Increased root and root hair lengths, reduced root radii, and minimal secondary roots. Some vegetables can secrete organic acids when phosphorus is deficient, acidifying rhizosphere soils, dissolving more insoluble phosphorus, and increasing soil phosphorus availability. Phosphorus can cause the relative growth rate of the roots to increase, and the ratio of root to shoots increases, thereby increasing the absorption and utilization of phosphorus by the roots. Less flowers, less fruit, and late fruit ripening, the seeds are small but not full, and the weight of one thousand grains is reduced. Phosphorus deficiency can also lead to the accumulation of nitrate in vegetables, resulting in decreased quality. Phosphorus deficiency symptoms of several vegetables are as follows: (1) phosphorus deficiency in Chinese cabbage: growth is not strong. The plants are dwarfed and the leaves are small and dark green. Fine stems, weak root development. (2) Phosphorus deficiency in eggplant: The leaves are dark purple, with long stems and well-developed fibers. Flower bud differentiation is delayed and fertility is delayed. (3) Phosphorus deficiency in radish: Red purple leaves appear on the back, roots are stunted, plants grow short, and leaves are small and shrinking. (4) Phosphorus deficiency in tomato: The early leaves showed reddish purple. The mesophyll tissue initially appeared spotted and then spread to the entire leaf. The veins gradually turned reddish purple, and the leaf clusters were purple at the end. Slender stems, rich in fiber. The leaves are small, the plants are dwarf, the old leaves are yellow, and the purple-brown spots are present. They fall off before the fruit matures, and the results are delayed. The leaves are later rolled. (5) Phosphorus deficiency in cucumber: The leaf color is dark green, and as the leaf age increases, the color becomes darker and gradually becomes brown and dry. The plants are short and thin. Veins become brown and necrotic. The number of female flowers decreased. The fruit is deformed and dark green in copper. (6) Phosphorus deficiency on onion: Most of them grow slowly in the late growth stage. The old leaves are dry or the tips of the leaves die. Sometimes there are yellow-green and brown-green spots in the leaves. (7) Phosphorus deficiency in lettuce: leaf color dark green, reddish brown or purple, old leaves dead, growth dwarf, poor formation of leaf ball, late ball, stem top rosette leafy. (8) Phosphorus deficiency in celery: dark purple leaves, small petiole, poor root development, and plants staying in the leaf cluster growth period. (9) Phosphorus deficiency in carrots: dark green leaves with purple leaves, dead old leaves, petiole upwards. (10) Phosphorus deficiency in cabbage: The leaves are small and hard, and the leaf margins are dead. 2. Phosphorus is too much phosphorus in the vegetables. The leaves are thick and dense, the leaves are dark green, and there are many small plants. The cellulose content of the leaf vegetables is increased, the food quality is reduced, and the uniformity is poor. Due to the early maturing of reproductive organs, the vegetative body is small, the growth of stems and leaves is inhibited, and the plants are prematurely decayed. The roots are well developed, and the number of roots is extremely large and extremely short and thick. The conditions caused by excessive phosphorus are usually manifested by chlorosis, such as zinc deficiency, magnesium deficiency, and iron deficiency. The protein content of legume crops is low, which can easily lead to deficiency of zinc, iron manganese and wow, and the harvest time is inconsistent. 3. Phosphate fertilizers suitable for vegetables and their application methods (1) Superphosphate. Abbreviated as calcium, water-soluble phosphate fertilizer. Phosphorus pentoxide content of 12% -20%, dark gray, gray, light yellow loose powder or granules. It is acidic and corrosive. When stored under humid conditions, it will convert into insoluble iron phosphate, aluminum sulfate, and reduce the effectiveness of fertilizers. Therefore, it should be moisture-proof, and the storage time should not be too long. Superphosphate also provides calcium and sulfur, with calcium and sulphur accounting for 12% and 9% of the total fertilizer weight, respectively. It can be widely applied to various soils and crops. It is especially suitable for alkaline soils or soils that lack sulfur and calcium, as well as crops requiring more calcium and sulfur. 1) Centralized application: It can be used as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer. The effect of base fertilizer and seed fertilizer is better. When using basal fertilizer, open the ditch or open a hole to concentrate the fertilizer on the root system. When used as a seed fertilizer, it can be mixed with decomposed manure or seed dressing. When used alone, it should be acidified with 10% of ash or 5% of limestone powder and sowed immediately after seed dressing. 2) Mixed application with organic fertilizer can improve fertilizer efficiency. 3) To make granular fertilizer: The phosphate fertilizer unit is made into pellets or mixed with decomposed organic fertilizer to form organic and inorganic particles, or it can be mixed with nitrogen and potassium fertilizer to form granular compound fertilizer. The particle size of granular phosphorus fertilizer is preferably 3-5mm. 4) Dressing out of roots: In the later period of vegetable growth, the ability of sucking roots is weakened. Before application, dilute 10 times with water and stir well. After clarification, the supernatant was taken and diluted to a concentration of 1% to 3% for spraying. The spraying amount was 50-100 kg/mu. It should be sprayed in the morning without dew or before and after the evening. The mother liquor bottom sediment can be used as base fertilizer or poured into organic fertilizer for mixing. (2) Heavy superphosphate. Abbreviated as heavy calcium, phosphorus pentoxide content of 36% -54%, is a dark gray powder or granular, strong hygroscopicity and corrosion, easy to agglomerate, multigrained into granular, soluble in water, weak acidity, Pay attention to moisture when storing. Should not be mixed with alkaline substances, application methods and techniques with the superphosphate, but the amount of halved, suitable for all kinds of soil and all kinds of crops. Because it does not contain sulfur, it is not as effective as superphosphate in legumes, crucifers and potatoes. (3) calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer. It is grayish white, grayish green or black daddy powder, phosphorus pentoxide content is 14%-18%, also contains 40% silica, 25%-30% calcium oxide, 10-25% oxygen magnesium, It is a kind of polyfertilizer mainly composed of phosphorus, which is alkaline, not deeper than water, not deliquescence, no caking, non-corrosive, convenient storage and transportation. Suitable for leguminous, cruciferous and other crops, is most suitable for acidic soils, especially phosphorus-deficient acid soils. In calcareous soils, the fertilizer efficiency is lower than that of acidic soils, and the fertilizer efficiency is slow, but there is a back shovel. In the cultivation of vegetables, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer cannot be applied alone. It should be applied together with normal calcium or heavy calcium, and fresh organic fertilizer should be applied at the same time. 1) As basic fertilizer: As base fertilizer, apply 215-300 kg/mu. Apply early to most of the 10-15 cm root-dense soil layer. In the dry land, the ditch can be opened or the hole can be applied, and the paddy field can be applied in the field. 2) For seed fertilizer: When it is used as a seed fertilizer, pay attention to the direct contact with the seed, 10-25 kg per mu. 3) Application after mixing and stacking with organic fertilizers: Pre-pumping with pigs, cow dung, manure, etc., for 1-2 months, can improve fertilizer efficiency. 4) Use with natural acidic and physiological acid fertilizers: Mix calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer with potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, etc. to increase fertilizer efficiency. However, it should not be mixed with ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, otherwise it will cause loss of ammonia volatilization. (4) Phosphorite powder. The content of total phosphorus is 10%-25%, and the content of phosphorus pentoxide is less than 5%. It is gray and brown powder, neutral to basic, and belongs to insoluble phosphate fertilizer. The fertilizer effect is slow and lasting. Suitable for application in acid soil, good effect on leguminous and cruciferous application. The production of phosphate rock through the use of 0.16 cm sieve, preferably mixed with organic fertilizer after application. Under the conditions of large-scale application of chemical fertilizers leading to soil acidification, especially under conditions of facility cultivation, the application of phosphate rock fines is effective. Should be basal fertilizer, not suitable for top dressing and seed fertilizer. As a basal fertilizer, it is better to use appendages and deeper practices. The dosage is positively related to the fertilizer effect to a certain extent, and its amount depends on the total phosphorus content and the comprehensiveness. The combination of phosphate rock fines and acidic fertilizers or physiological acidic fertilizers, or combined with organic fertilizers for rot and smashing, can increase fertilizer efficiency. Combined application with superphosphate is beneficial to the conversion of phosphorus in phosphate rock, and meets the demand of phosphorus for crop seedlings. 4. Precautions In the aspect of reasonable application of phosphate fertilizer, it should be reasonably distributed and applied according to soil conditions, and it should be preferentially applied to the most phosphorus-depleted soil. When fertilizing soil, the proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus to low-yield areas with severe phosphorus deficiency should be 1: 1 is appropriate, and the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus to moderate phosphorus-deficient land can be about 1:0.5. For lands rich in available phosphorus, temporarily apply it. Priority is given to high-yielding vegetable crops and to phosphorus-sensitive legumes, melons and other crops. Different application methods were applied to different phosphate fertilizers. Pay attention to the application of nitrogen and phosphorus in combination with other nutrients such as potassium, shed, zinc, molybdenum, etc. should also be applied according to the soil conditions in order to obtain the best results. In order to reduce the deposition of phosphorus in the soil, appropriate amount of lime is applied to the acidic soil to adjust the pH of the soil so that the ph value is maintained at 6.5-6.8, but if a large amount of lime is used for a long time, it will increase the deposition of phosphorus. For calcareous or alkaline soils, organic fertilizer or green manure should be added to reduce soil ph. Increase organic fertilizer and increase soil organic matter content. After flooding, soil phosphorus can be enhanced with shoveling. The concentrated application of P fertilizer into the root-dense layer, or the stacking of P fertilizer with organic matter, or mixing with organic fertilizer, can reduce the deposition of P in the soil.
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