All Chinese cabbages are mainly cultivated in autumn. However, as long as the varieties are in good condition and the conditions are suitable, they can also be cultivated in the spring or summer. In the south of China, subtropical regions can also be cultivated in autumn and winter. The spring cultivation due to the early low temperature, easy to make the plant through the vernalization stage, often without the formation of leaf ball before the first convulsions; or has been the ball, and later encountered high temperature, cloudy rain caused by ball rot. In order to succeed in spring cultivation, we must use varieties with strong winter and short growing seasons, and adopt protective facilities to raise seedlings, increase density appropriately, strengthen fertilizer and water management, and harvest at appropriate periods. In the summer and autumn, it is necessary to use heat-resistant, disease-resistant early maturing varieties and corresponding management measures for disease prevention, flood control and drought prevention.
One of the key measures for the high yield and quality of autumn Chinese cabbage is proper sowing, and there are relatively strict suitable sowing dates in various parts of China, which are postponed from July to September from July to September. Cabbage has a shallow root system, weak absorption capacity, fast leaf growth and large amount of transpiration, and it should be fat, loose, water, and fertilizer to protect the neutral or slightly acidic silt sandy loam, loam and light-clay loam. Requires good drainage and irrigation conditions. Most of the northern China is cultivated with ridge or flat ridge; the south is cultivated with sorghum. The ridge and sorghum are easy to drain and keep the soil loose, and the roots of the plants are developed, which can reduce the damage of soft rot. Use live or nursery transplants. The live broadcasting method is simple and labor-saving, but the sowing date is strict, and it is difficult to control the bad weather in the seedling period. Seedling transplanting saves seedling area, facilitates seedling management, and facilitates postponed growth of the former crop. However, transplanting is laborious and requires careful management to promote seedling survival. Either way, we must pay attention to improving the quality of sowing and strengthening seedling management, drought prevention, drainage, and time seedlings, reduce or control the occurrence and spread of diseases such as viral diseases.
Proper close planting is an important measure to improve the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage. Planting density varies according to species, soil strength and climatic conditions. The indicator of reasonable close planting is that the area of ​​nutrition occupied by the plant is approximately equal to or slightly smaller than the distribution area of ​​the vertical projection of the rosette plexi. Different varieties have corresponding reasonable densities. The same species, suitable climatic conditions, good fertilizer and water conditions, the density can be slightly smaller; conversely, the density should be slightly larger. The way the plants are laid out in the field also affects the growth of Chinese cabbage. In order to facilitate field operations, the line spacing is generally slightly larger than the spacing of the rows.
For every 1,000 kilograms of Chinese cabbage produced, about 1.5-2.3 kilograms of nitrogen, 0.7-0.9 kilograms of phosphorus, and 2.0-3.5 kilograms of potassium need to be absorbed. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption is roughly 2:1:3. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium absorbed was less in the seedling stage, and there was more rosette period and the most bulbous period. From the seedling stage to the rosette period, it accounts for about 20-3% of the total absorption, and the ball-making period accounts for about 70-80%. At the seedling stage, nitrogen was absorbed more, potassium was the second, and phosphorus was the least. In the rosette stage and ball stage, potassium was absorbed most, nitrogen was the second, and phosphorus was the least. During the growth period, the excessive amount of nitrogen fertilizer will increase the water content of the leaf ball, reduce the sugar content, and reduce the quality. In order to meet the demand for nutrient elements in Chinese cabbage growth, the amount of absorbed fertilizer, soil fertility, type of fertilizer, and fertilizer utilization should be calculated based on the target yield, and a comprehensive analysis should be conducted to determine a reasonable fertilization index. The type of fertilization should be combined with organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. Organic fertilizers and phosphate fertilizers are mainly used as base fertilizers, and inorganic fertilizers and some quick-acting organic fertilizers are used as top dressings. Topdressing accounted for 1/3 of the total amount of fertilizer applied, divided into 3-4 applications, and the key fertilizer application period was from the end of the rosette to the early stage of the ball.
There are many leaves in Chinese cabbage, and the keratinocytes in the leaves are thin and the water transpiration is very large. In the period of vegetative growth, the soil moisture is suitable to maintain 80-90% of the field water holding capacity, and when it is less than 70%, adverse effects on the yield and quality will occur. When long-term in more than 95% of high-humidity conditions, the disease can easily be taken off or during the shelf life. The relative humidity of air is preferably 65-80%. Too high and too low are unfavorable for growth and nodule. The water requirement during the germination and seedling stages is relatively small. However, sufficient water is needed for seed germination and exhumation; the root system is weak and shallow at the seedling stage, and the water should be promptly watered to keep the ground moist so that the seedlings can absorb water and prevent the surface temperature from being too high. . During the rosette period, more water is required, and the ground is known to be dry and wet, and the growth of rosette leaves is promoted and controlled. During the ball stage, the maximum amount of water is required and watering should be done timely. In the late ball stage, watering must be controlled to facilitate storage. Cabbage grows slowly below 10, and growth stops below 5, and short 0--2 can still recover from cold, long recovery, can't recover after being frozen for a long time at 4-5°C, and should be timely before freezing temperature comes. reward.
Seed collection: In order to prevent the varieties from degenerating, seed selection should be carried out and segregation should be done well.
When the original species is propagated by the spatial isolation method, the cultivation field should be at least 2000 meters away from the cultivated species (such as turnips, cabbages, rapeseeds, etc.) with chromosome numbers x=10 in other species and target genus; Distances up to 1000 meters. There are three main methods for seed collection: 1 Planting method: In the autumn, the best plant is selected as a plant strain in the production field, harvested before winter, cellared, 30-40 days before the planting of Hunchun, and the treatment of cutting the head is 10 cm after the soil is thawed. When the ground temperature is stable above 5°C, it is planted in picking fields. Less water is needed in returning to the green period, and the farmland should be maintained many times to increase the temperature and promote rooting. More water is required during the flowering period, and fertilizer and watering should be performed during the flowering period. During the result period, the number of waterings may be appropriately reduced to promote seed maturation. This method is convenient for seed selection and maintains good seed quality. It is generally adopted when breeding the original variety. 2 Semi-study seed collection method: appropriate late autumn sowing, only 10-20 rosette leaves or loose leaf ball in winter when the seedlings are planted. After winter storage, Hunchun is planted in the harvesting field (management and seedling collection method). This method grows stronger and has a higher seed yield. The disadvantage is that it is impossible to strictly maintain the seed strains without the ball stage, and it is difficult to ensure the purity of the seeds. This method is often used when breeders or breeders with weak disease resistance breed the original species. 3 Seed-collecting methods for small plants: Seeds can be harvested in the early spring, or seedlings can be planted in cold beds, and planted in 6-7 leaves. The method is simple, the cost is low, and the yield is high. However, seeds with good purity must be used as the original species in order to use the purple breeding method for production. The method used to prepare hybrids is more than this method.
One of the key measures for the high yield and quality of autumn Chinese cabbage is proper sowing, and there are relatively strict suitable sowing dates in various parts of China, which are postponed from July to September from July to September. Cabbage has a shallow root system, weak absorption capacity, fast leaf growth and large amount of transpiration, and it should be fat, loose, water, and fertilizer to protect the neutral or slightly acidic silt sandy loam, loam and light-clay loam. Requires good drainage and irrigation conditions. Most of the northern China is cultivated with ridge or flat ridge; the south is cultivated with sorghum. The ridge and sorghum are easy to drain and keep the soil loose, and the roots of the plants are developed, which can reduce the damage of soft rot. Use live or nursery transplants. The live broadcasting method is simple and labor-saving, but the sowing date is strict, and it is difficult to control the bad weather in the seedling period. Seedling transplanting saves seedling area, facilitates seedling management, and facilitates postponed growth of the former crop. However, transplanting is laborious and requires careful management to promote seedling survival. Either way, we must pay attention to improving the quality of sowing and strengthening seedling management, drought prevention, drainage, and time seedlings, reduce or control the occurrence and spread of diseases such as viral diseases.
Proper close planting is an important measure to improve the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage. Planting density varies according to species, soil strength and climatic conditions. The indicator of reasonable close planting is that the area of ​​nutrition occupied by the plant is approximately equal to or slightly smaller than the distribution area of ​​the vertical projection of the rosette plexi. Different varieties have corresponding reasonable densities. The same species, suitable climatic conditions, good fertilizer and water conditions, the density can be slightly smaller; conversely, the density should be slightly larger. The way the plants are laid out in the field also affects the growth of Chinese cabbage. In order to facilitate field operations, the line spacing is generally slightly larger than the spacing of the rows.
For every 1,000 kilograms of Chinese cabbage produced, about 1.5-2.3 kilograms of nitrogen, 0.7-0.9 kilograms of phosphorus, and 2.0-3.5 kilograms of potassium need to be absorbed. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption is roughly 2:1:3. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium absorbed was less in the seedling stage, and there was more rosette period and the most bulbous period. From the seedling stage to the rosette period, it accounts for about 20-3% of the total absorption, and the ball-making period accounts for about 70-80%. At the seedling stage, nitrogen was absorbed more, potassium was the second, and phosphorus was the least. In the rosette stage and ball stage, potassium was absorbed most, nitrogen was the second, and phosphorus was the least. During the growth period, the excessive amount of nitrogen fertilizer will increase the water content of the leaf ball, reduce the sugar content, and reduce the quality. In order to meet the demand for nutrient elements in Chinese cabbage growth, the amount of absorbed fertilizer, soil fertility, type of fertilizer, and fertilizer utilization should be calculated based on the target yield, and a comprehensive analysis should be conducted to determine a reasonable fertilization index. The type of fertilization should be combined with organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. Organic fertilizers and phosphate fertilizers are mainly used as base fertilizers, and inorganic fertilizers and some quick-acting organic fertilizers are used as top dressings. Topdressing accounted for 1/3 of the total amount of fertilizer applied, divided into 3-4 applications, and the key fertilizer application period was from the end of the rosette to the early stage of the ball.
There are many leaves in Chinese cabbage, and the keratinocytes in the leaves are thin and the water transpiration is very large. In the period of vegetative growth, the soil moisture is suitable to maintain 80-90% of the field water holding capacity, and when it is less than 70%, adverse effects on the yield and quality will occur. When long-term in more than 95% of high-humidity conditions, the disease can easily be taken off or during the shelf life. The relative humidity of air is preferably 65-80%. Too high and too low are unfavorable for growth and nodule. The water requirement during the germination and seedling stages is relatively small. However, sufficient water is needed for seed germination and exhumation; the root system is weak and shallow at the seedling stage, and the water should be promptly watered to keep the ground moist so that the seedlings can absorb water and prevent the surface temperature from being too high. . During the rosette period, more water is required, and the ground is known to be dry and wet, and the growth of rosette leaves is promoted and controlled. During the ball stage, the maximum amount of water is required and watering should be done timely. In the late ball stage, watering must be controlled to facilitate storage. Cabbage grows slowly below 10, and growth stops below 5, and short 0--2 can still recover from cold, long recovery, can't recover after being frozen for a long time at 4-5°C, and should be timely before freezing temperature comes. reward.
Seed collection: In order to prevent the varieties from degenerating, seed selection should be carried out and segregation should be done well.
When the original species is propagated by the spatial isolation method, the cultivation field should be at least 2000 meters away from the cultivated species (such as turnips, cabbages, rapeseeds, etc.) with chromosome numbers x=10 in other species and target genus; Distances up to 1000 meters. There are three main methods for seed collection: 1 Planting method: In the autumn, the best plant is selected as a plant strain in the production field, harvested before winter, cellared, 30-40 days before the planting of Hunchun, and the treatment of cutting the head is 10 cm after the soil is thawed. When the ground temperature is stable above 5°C, it is planted in picking fields. Less water is needed in returning to the green period, and the farmland should be maintained many times to increase the temperature and promote rooting. More water is required during the flowering period, and fertilizer and watering should be performed during the flowering period. During the result period, the number of waterings may be appropriately reduced to promote seed maturation. This method is convenient for seed selection and maintains good seed quality. It is generally adopted when breeding the original variety. 2 Semi-study seed collection method: appropriate late autumn sowing, only 10-20 rosette leaves or loose leaf ball in winter when the seedlings are planted. After winter storage, Hunchun is planted in the harvesting field (management and seedling collection method). This method grows stronger and has a higher seed yield. The disadvantage is that it is impossible to strictly maintain the seed strains without the ball stage, and it is difficult to ensure the purity of the seeds. This method is often used when breeders or breeders with weak disease resistance breed the original species. 3 Seed-collecting methods for small plants: Seeds can be harvested in the early spring, or seedlings can be planted in cold beds, and planted in 6-7 leaves. The method is simple, the cost is low, and the yield is high. However, seeds with good purity must be used as the original species in order to use the purple breeding method for production. The method used to prepare hybrids is more than this method.
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