As one of the leading industries for agricultural development in the future, the development of plastic greenhouses has not only improved the production conditions of vegetable farmers, but also greatly improved the supply of local vegetables. The economic income of vegetable growers has been greatly improved, and a good yield per mu has reached 2 More than 10,000 yuan, only two or three thousand yuan difference.
Here we mainly use cucumber, combined with tomato planting management of plastic greenhouses to do an introduction, hoping to help farmers.
First, plastic greenhouse management
According to the meteorological conditions in this area, the film is generally demarcated in mid-September, and the film can be removed in mid-October. The principle of management is to maintain the minimum temperature, limit the maximum temperature, and extend the optimum temperature. Cucumber grows below 12 degrees Celsius and the roots stop growing. Below 5 degrees Celsius, it is susceptible to freezing damage. The minimum temperature should be kept above 10 degrees Celsius.
The optimum temperature for cucumber is 25-28 degrees Celsius, and the maximum temperature is 35 degrees Celsius. As far as possible, the optimum temperature for cucumber fertility should be maintained for 6-8 hours. When the temperature drops to 20 degrees Celsius, the wind should be closed in time. When the weather is bad, the wind can be closed earlier. When the temperature drops to 15 degrees, the straw curtain should be covered. In the cold current, we can cover the straw curtain at 17-18 degrees Celsius, and the temperature of the straw curtain can be raised by 2-3 degrees Celsius, and then it will gradually decrease, keeping it at 22-25 degrees Celsius during the day, maintaining 16-20 degrees Celsius at night, and 10-16 at the middle of the night. Celsius. In severe weather conditions, the minimum temperature in the morning is reduced to 8 degrees Celsius or even 5 degrees Celsius. The cucumber will not be harmed, but if it is less than 5 degrees Celsius or less than 10 degrees Celsius, it will cause chilling damage to cucumbers. Therefore, we must increase the greenhouse insulation, we must build greenhouses according to design requirements, in time to make up for greenhouse leaks, plus a cold skirt before the greenhouse, in case of severe cold and other severe weather even cloudy, it should also be appropriate to add warming.
The low ground temperature in winter is a constraint factor for cucumber production. Therefore, we should do everything possible to increase the temperature of the ground. Studies have shown that when the ground temperature is increased by 1 degree Celsius, the equivalent temperature is increased by 2-3 degrees Celsius. Therefore, in the front of the greenhouse, we must dig for the cold-proof ditch, cover the film in the greenhouse, and reduce the flow of water in the winter, even if the flow of water should be preheated in advance to prevent excessive reduction in the temperature.
Tomato: The maximum temperature of 30 degrees Celsius, the optimum 20-25 degrees Celsius, the lowest 6-10 degrees Celsius.
Eggplant: The maximum temperature of 35 degrees Celsius, the optimum 25-30 degrees Celsius, the lowest 10 degrees Celsius.
Second, lighting management
Extend daylight hours, increase the light rate, and expand the range of use. Plastic greenhouse production in winter, increase lighting is an important measure to increase production. Extend the lighting time as long as the temperature conditions permit. When the sun shines out of the awning in the morning, it should be immediately lifted. It is suitable for polyvinylidene chloride longevity without dropping film with high light-loading rate and good insulation performance. It can clean dust in time, clean the film surface, increase the light-receiving rate, and increase the light intensity as much as possible. While taking full advantage of direct light, we must also pay attention to the use of scattered light, further increase production, adopt mulch film coverage, and hang reflective screens to increase effective lighting in the shed.
Third, fertilization management
The application of base fertilizer is the basis, and it is the key to pursue the three fertilizers. Solar greenhouse vegetable production, long production period, large amount of fertilizer required, should be enough to apply base fertilizer, usually 5000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu, 200 kg of cake fertilizer, 75 kg of compound fertilizer, two thirds of applicator, three One-by-one application. A large number of organic fertilizers are used on the one hand as fertilizers for vegetables, and on the other hand, they are decomposed by microorganisms to apply a large amount of carbon dioxide and increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in greenhouses to increase production. In the preharvest period of cucumber, three large top dressings are performed, and cucumber roots are “fearful of fat.†Therefore, the top dressing of cucumbers should be “a small number of timesâ€. In the normal growing season, it is an interval of water to chase a fertilizer, and each time, acres are chased. Application of urea does not exceed 15 kilograms. During the severe winter season, due to the control of irrigation, the top-dressing should also be carried out with regard to seedlings. For fertilizer-poor plants, no fertilizer is required for fertilizer-free plants. Fertilizer can not be used to fertilize fertilizer in water, but concentration must be avoided. Burn roots. According to the growth situation, timely spraying of foliar fertilizer, there is a good effect of increasing production.
Fourth, water management
Watering planting water, less water to promote drowning, and more watering melon water. On the basis of improving the foundation, planting water must be poured when planting. After planting and rejuvenating, water is generally not watered. When the drought occurs, only a small amount of water is poured. If watering is too early, it will lead to long growth, affecting the growth of fruits, and even causing serious problems. Can not sit melon, and cause a lot of "pharmaceutics." Only 70-80% of the melon pods sit on roots and grow to 15-16 centimeters long. When the melons turn dark green, they will be able to sip water. If you delay the growth of melons, then affect the yield. In the normal growing season, watering should be even, so that the soil has a dry, wet and wet process, which not only satisfies the need of water for cucumbers, but also guarantees a good ventilation state of the soil. The intuitive index is the place where the land is not covered. "White" watering, usually every 15 days during the winter when the water is poured, select the sunny day at noon, watering is best to use drip irrigation, if the conditions can not reach the film must be under the dark irrigation. After April, the weather is getting warmer and watering once every 7 days. Watering should also follow the principle of “donating melons without attacking melonsâ€, that is, watering before picking melons, and not watering after picking melons.
V. Management of air humidity and gas composition
In addition to regulating humidity in plastic greenhouses, it is more important to regulate the humidity and gas composition in the greenhouse.
Due to the excellent moisture retention of the film, the humidity of the indoor air is often kept in a saturated state, especially in the severe winter season. Such high humidity is a good environment for the occurrence of various diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the indoor air humidity by venting the air. Even in the severe winter season, we must ventilate the plants without causing them to be frozen. When serious diseases occur in the spring and autumn, we should consider dehumidification as the main air release system, and try to keep the indoor air humidity below 85%.
Ventilation also has the effect of regulating the gas. Under the confined conditions, the indoor carbon dioxide is severely deficient. Therefore, ventilation should be adopted to maintain the normal 0.03% carbon dioxide concentration in the room to meet the needs of vegetable production. The application of carbon dioxide gas fertilizer in greenhouses has a very good effect of increasing production. Generally, carbon dioxide is started to be emitted within half an hour after the curtains are exposed, and it ends half an hour before ventilation. The highest concentration can be applied to 0.15%.
After the fertilization, ammonia gas will accumulate in the plastic greenhouse, and harmful gases should also be discharged through ventilation.
Six, plant adjustment
There must be an arc in the early vines, a gradient in the vines, and a limited number of leaves. There is no need to have strength. As early as vines, vines should be stalked according to the "S" type, so that the melon vines form a certain degree of curvature, and the long curved melon vines have more curvature. When the northern end reaches a height of 1.7 meters, when the southern end reaches the roof, the vine spreads, and after the vines fall, a gradient of north high and low south is formed to better receive the sunlight. With the growth of melons, the old diseased leaves should be promptly removed. But picking the lower part should leave 5-7 leaves, to ensure that each plant has 20-30 leaves, pruning when the lateral branches and male flowers are very small should be promptly removed, and timely removal of tendrils, reduce nutrient consumption, while also doing a good job Pest control.
Auxiliaries (Additives) are defined in medicine as excipients and additives used in the production of drugs and prescriptions, that is, all materials except the main active ingredients of drugs, are important components of pharmaceutical preparations. In industrial production, auxiliary chemicals added to improve the production process, improve product quality and yield, or to endow the product with a specific application performance. It is also called additive. However, as an important component of the product matrix, large doses of additives, which have a significant impact on the shape, structure and performance of the product, are generally not included in the category of additives.
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