As the cows in the late gestation period (dry milk period and perinatal period), dry matter intake dropped significantly, so the energy intake in the early period of lactation is seriously insufficient. After the calving of cows began to produce milk, the nutritional needs rose rapidly, the digestive function began to slowly recover, and the dry matter intake gradually increased, but the rate of recovery and increase was very slow, far below the rate of increase in nutritional needs. As a result, the increase in feed intake lags behind the peak milk production increase, resulting in a negative metabolism of the cows, especially in high-yield cattle. As a result of the negative energy balance, the milk yield at the peak of lactation ultimately decreases, and the duration of the peak period can be shortened. The milk production potential of the cow cannot be fully exerted, and the milk production of the entire parity is greatly reduced. At this time, the cows use body fat to meet the energy needs of milk production, so that the weight of dairy cows. A large amount of body fat is used to produce milk, which greatly increases the risk of secondary fatty liver and ketosis in cows.
Ways and measures to increase cow body energy
Increase animal feed intake
Improving the palatability of diets and increasing the appetite of cows can alleviate the problem of low energy intake of postpartum cows to some extent. However, the recovery of digestive function of postpartum cows is a process that takes a certain amount of time. Therefore, the extent to which these problems are solved by this route is limited and cannot completely solve the problem.
Adjust the rough ratio of feed
Increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet generally increases the energy concentration of the diet, but it can cause problems such as decreased fiber digestibility, decreased milk fat, rumen dysfunction, swelling and ketosis.
Add high energy feed
It has become an effective measure to increase the energy in the diet by adding fat to the diet. There are many studies on fats and oils as feed additives for ruminants in foreign countries, and have gradually been applied in animal husbandry production. Domestic information on the development, development and application of such products is still very few.
Therefore, in order to open up new areas for energy feed additives for domestic ruminants, many domestic research institutes have begun to develop new high-energy feed additives. This article elaborates on the current research results of high energy feed additives for dairy cows.
Dairy cow high energy feed additive
Fatty acid calcium
The added fat is not protected in any form and can be ruminated by the rumen of ruminants, impeding the activity of rumen microbes and reducing cellulose digestibility. Therefore, the use of fatty acids and calcium salts of the protective grease - fatty acid calcium, because it is not easy to occur in the rumen digestibility. Long-chain fatty acids cannot be fully utilized because they tend to form insoluble materials. The main effect of fatty acid calcium is to increase milk production, improve milk quality, prolong lactation peaks, and reduce heat stress.
Disadvantages: Fatty acid calcium has a slight odor. When fed, it must be mixed with other feeds to maintain a transitional period of 5 to 7 days.
Corn crude oil and soybean phospholipids
Adding crude corn oil and soybean phospholipids to dairy cow diets can significantly increase milk production in dairy cows. This is because high-yielding dairy cows increase their energy requirements in the early stages of lactation due to the need for lactation, and the increase in dry matter intake is limited, so they are increased by adding crude corn oil and soybean phospholipids to the diet. The energy concentration of the diet increases the energy to meet the cow's energy needs, improves the digestibility, and increases milk production [6]. In recent years, soybean phospholipids have been used as a feed additive to replace some fats. It has been used in the feed industry and has achieved good economic and social benefits. It not only solves the problem of comprehensive utilization of by-products, but also provides feed mills with high quality products. additive.
Disadvantages: The crude oil found in the test was poor in palatability and reduced feed intake. If processing can be taken, the situation can be further improved.
Hydrogenated fat powder
Hydrogenated fat powder is a rumen protective fat. The time of research and development is slightly later than that of fat-calcium soap. It is currently a new type of ruminant animal feed fat product in the world. The processing principle is that, by means of physics, the fatty acids in raw materials are fractionated according to their melting point and the collected high melting point fatty acids are processed. Compared with fatty acid calcium soap and hydrogenated fat powder, the rumen-stabilized fat powder has the following advantages: high fat content, high effective energy content, and higher than fatty acid calcium soap. Most of the fatty acids contained are saturated fatty acids, stable in the rumen, and have a good effect on the rumen. The low melting point reduces water solubility and therefore does not affect microbial activity and digestion of crude fiber in the rumen. Compared with fatty acid calcium soaps, the advantage of hydrogenated fat powders is a significant increase in fat content. Zhuang Su and other experimental data show that: the addition of fat powder can increase the milk production 5.6%, the standard calibration milk 7.3%, has little effect on milk protein, lactose content. In addition, there is no unified standard for fatty acid calcium in China. It is generally believed that the amount of addition should be determined according to the energy level and crude fat content in the animal diet. Therefore, the focus of future research should be on different energy levels, and the amount of added Should be different.
High-oil corn
High-oil corn not only has a much higher oil content than traditional corn, but also contains much higher protein, lysine, vitamins, and vitamins than ordinary corn. It is a high-quality, high-energy food, feed, and industrial raw material. In the United States, people call high-oil corn "value-added corn." Trimethoprim-Beta Test Conclusion: The use of high-oil corn increases the number of ciliates in the ruminal fluid of dairy cows, and has a certain impact on rumen leaven. The increase in the production of lactose and milk protein and the increase in the production of fat-free solids in milk have certain positive effects on improving the composition of non-fat solids. It also significantly changes the proportion of fatty acids in milk fat. However, the milk fat percentage dropped slightly.
Fats and oils
Oils and fats include: peanut oil, olive oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, corn oil, olive oil, coconut oil, brown tung oil, brown tung oil, butter, lard, fish oil, flax, Beefoil and castor oil, which accounted for 75% of vegetable fats, accounted for 25% of animal fats. In addition to edible butter, animal fats are mainly butter and lard.
In recent years, the use of oil as an energy feed in animal diets has received increasing attention. The use of fat as a supplement to cow energy also ensures the supplementation of cellulose. Improve reproductive performance to maintain a higher lactation peak period. The pregnancy rate of cows feeding fat was 2.22 times that of cows feeding fat. As an additive for oil additives, less dust is generated during the production and processing of feed, reducing the air pollution in the workshop.
Researchers in the United States, Canada, and other countries conducted experiments on performance performance of dairy cows using plant oils such as sunflower seeds and soybean meal as energy supplements. As a result, the number of rumen microorganisms decreased, the pH value decreased, and the digestibility of cellulose. reduce. Chow et al. found that when the fat in the diet is deficient, the C16:0 content in the milk increases and the C18:0 and C18:1 decrease in feeding high fat diets decreases the ratio of C16-C18 fatty acids in the milk fat and C18:0 and C18: 1 increase in content.
The addition of conjugated fatty acid to the diet has an effect on the milk production and milk fat percentage of dairy cows. According to the experimental results, milk content increased by 9.19% and milk fat percentage decreased by 14.08%. However, the mechanism of reducing milk fat percentage is not yet clear.
About animal fats, such as butter and lard, containing more than 40% of saturated fatty acids, the ruminant on the digestion of fiber is less affected, butter because of high saturated fat content, so the melting point of more than 40 °C, its application of the inconvenience It is only after heating and melting that it is easy to mix with other raw materials, but there is less research done in this area at home and abroad.
Choline chloride
In the early stages of lactation, effective choline supplementation is important for saving metabolites of methionine and sugar. Choline is a precursor of acetylcholine and is also an important source of labile methyl groups. Earlier studies showed that the addition of choline chloride in the rumen-free protective form has a positive effect on milk production and milk fat percentage. It has a greater effect on the negative balance of dairy cows and has no effect on milk composition.
Problems and suggestions
Fatty feeds can affect the feed intake of dairy cows. The processing of hydrogenated fats and the amount of feed added should be the focus of a study. It is inconvenient to store for a long time, and rancidity is also a problem that affects its wide application. For the development and utilization of feed for high-oil corn, scientific research should be intensified, especially the impact of other feeds as additives on the performance of dairy cows. Alcohol as a feed additive has not been systematically studied in China. Some farms abroad have achieved some results and benefits. In short, the energy feed for oils and fats has the disadvantage of containing a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, so this is an important factor affecting the performance of dairy cows. For dairy cows fed fats and oils, the milk contains too much unsaturated fatty acids. As a result, such milk is easily deteriorated and deteriorated, making it difficult to store. Regarding the feed standards for fats, China has not yet promulgated. Therefore, it is imminent to establish quality standards for fats for feed. The development and utilization of CLA is still at its infancy and research on its mechanism of action should be increased. The mechanism of action of choline, and the optimal level in the diet, have not been determined.
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[Of all the diseases of the nervous system, the most common difficulty that people have is pain, and much of that is nerve-related," according to Dr. Shai Gozani, founder and CEO of NeuroMetrix, a medical device company. [There are 100 million people who live with chronic pain."
According to the Mayo Clinic, patients with nerve disorders experience functional difficulties, which result in conditions such as:
Epilepsy, in which abnormal electrical discharges from brain cells cause seizures
Parkinson's disease, which is a progressive nerve disease that affects movement
Multiple sclerosis (MS), in which the protective lining of the nerves is attacked by the body`s immune system
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a motor neuron disease which weakens the muscles and progressively hampers physical function
Huntington's disease, which is an inherited condition that cause the nerve cells in the brain to degenerate
Alzheimer's disease, which covers a wide range of disorders that impacts mental functions, particularly memory.
Mayo Clinic also noted that the nervous system can also be affected by vascular disorders such as:
Stroke, which occurs when there is bleeding on the brain or the blow flow to the brain is obstructed;
Transient ischemic attack (TIA), which are mini-type strokes that last a shorter period of time but mimic stroke symptoms; and
Subarachnoid hemorrhage, which is specifically bleeding in the space between your brain and the surrounding membrane that can be the result of a trauma or rupturing of a weak blood vessel;
Infections such as meningitis, encephalitis, polio, and epidural abscess can also affect the nervous system, the NIH noted.
Treatments vary from anti inflammatory medications and pain medications such as opiates , to implanted nerve stimulators and wearable devices, Gozani said. [Many people also turn to herbal and holistic methods to reduce pain, such as acupuncture."
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