Difficulties in the cultivation of organic vegetables are organic cultivation techniques and integrated pest and disease control technologies. In particular, the main products of broccoli with green bulbs are most vulnerable to damage by cabbage caterpillars and noctuid larvae, and there are few varieties of biological pesticides in China. Broad spectrum, slower drug efficacy, which is one of the major constraints to the rapid development of organic vegetables. The vegetable farmers in Bianyuan Town, Feicheng City, Shandong Province used the Organic Foods Development Center of the State Environmental Protection Administration (OFDC) to implement organic cultivation of broccoli in the greenhouse in early spring for 6 consecutive years to avoid the high incidence of diseases and insect pests and their product quality. It has met the standards of the International Organic Crop Improvement Association (OCIA) and obtained the "Organic Food Base, Processing and Trade Certificate" issued by the OCIA every year. It can trade and compete in the international organic food market. The products are well received by Japan, the United States, the European Union and Hong Kong. Taiwan, and other countries and regions favored. The cultivation techniques and pest control techniques are described below. First, the organic cultivation techniques of broccoli 1. Choosing good varieties Suitable varieties of broccoli cultivated in early spring in Tai’an area of ​​Shandong Province are "strong", "green ridge", "green" and "China Youth No. 2". 2. Sowing seedlings using a greenhouse or electric hotbed nursery. 4 parts of decomposed pig manure, 6 parts of sterile garden soil, 15 kg of fecal matter per cubic meter, 3 kg of plant ash, and 100 g of powder of Sclerotium sclerotiorum were used as the nursery culture soil. The culture soil was sieved and then spread into the seedbed to a thickness of 8 to 10 cm. , pouring enough water to be broadcast. From late January to early February sowing, planting 667m2 species 100 ~ 120g. Spray water before sowing to keep the bed soil moist. When sowing, select the seeds with uniform size and plumpness. The spacing of rows is 8cm8cm. After sowing, cover 1cm thick dry fine soil. 3. Arch shed construction The arch shed is made of steel frame or reinforced concrete structure with a span of 6 to 8 meters and a height of 1.6 to 1.8 meters. The area is suitable for 330-667m2. The steel frame is bound with 6th iron wire, and the wire spacing is 45-50cm. The shed film is made of drip-free or semi-drip agricultural film. 4. Before planting fertilization, it is best to use crops such as legumes, onions and garlic or other non-cruciferous crops, and require deep, fertile loam or sandy loam soil. According to the data provided by the Fertilizer Department of China's Soil Fertilizer Terminal, every 667m2 of land needs to be paved with 5.5m3 of chicken manure or 8m3 of high quality manure, 1,000kg of dried manure or 120kg of cooked cake, 100～150kg of plant ash, and 2～2.5kg of mineral boron fertilizer. Preventing hollow stems and increasing the weight of the bulbs can basically meet the nutrient demand of 1500m2 land for the production of 1500kg currant. 70% of organic fertilizer is applied and 30% is applied. The poisonous soil or bait was evenly sprinkled on the ground before being used as cultivated land with a powder of 0.8kg/667m2 of chafer bacteria powder. Deep plowing land 25 to 28cm deep, flattening and squeezing, making a small high 100 ~ 120cm awaiting planting. 5. Colonization of broccoli seedlings into 6 to 8 true leaves can be colonized. 4 to 5 days before planting, the seedbeds were poured once, and the water was infiltrated. It is advisable to raise the seedlings and move the seedlings. When planting, select sunny noon to carry out, each trip 2 lines, large row spacing 65 ~ 70cm, small row spacing 45 ~ 50cm, spacing 45 ~ 50cm. Cover the mulch after planting and pour once to make the soil saturate. 6. Fertilizer and water management Organic cultivation of greenhouses Broccoli watering in early spring is 2 to 3 times less than exposed land. After broccoli easing, it is generally not watered, and seedlings are planted to promote the thickening of stems and leaves. During the rosette period, the management of fertilizers and water was strengthened to keep the land moist, and the “Gum Harvest†biological leaf fertilizer was sprayed. The spray was sprayed once every 7 days for a total of 2 or 3 sprays. Every time you water, you should choose to do it at noon on sunny days. After watering, make plenty of ventilation to reduce the humidity in the shed to prevent the occurrence of diseases. Rainy and snowy weather should also be ventilated, and the amount of ventilation should be suitable for seedlings not to be frozen. 7. Temperature control after sowing should be promoted early emergence, the daytime temperature is controlled at 25 ~ 28 °C, night 20 ~ 22 °C, after the emergence of the daytime temperature is controlled at 22 ~ 25 °C, night 15 ~ 18 °C, to prevent the emergence of "high seedling". After the vegetative growth period temperature range of 10 ~ 24 °C, flower bulb formation temperature optimum between 16 ~ 24 °C, more than 25 °C ball easily loose and affect product quality and commercial. Illumination adjustment is mainly accomplished by light transmittance of the shed film, and the dripless or semi-drip agricultural film is superior to other agricultural films. In late March, the agricultural film should be opened from the roof during the day for ventilation and light transmission. At the end of April, the agricultural film can be removed and the light can be seen throughout the day. 8. Pruning broccoli after easing broccoli began to grow lateral buds between the leaves, should be eradicated in time to prevent nutrient depletion, especially in the seedling stage and rosette period is also a vigorous growth of collaterals, usually 1 ~ 2cm long time removed, The sooner the collaterals are removed, the better. However, in order to carry out 2 to 3 harvests, when the main flower bulb just appeared, 2 to 3 robust lateral branches can be retained around the main flower bulb to form a side branch flower bulb and the second harvest is performed. The average lateral branch curd yield is 12% to 18% of the main curd. 9. Harvesting broccoli harvesting technology in early spring is particularly important, mainly because the temperature is too high in the later period. The main flower bulbs are easy to disperse or bloom, affecting the quality and merchandising of the curd. Different species, different sizes of flower bulbs and buds, when harvesting, the main observation buds grow to a certain size and no longer expand, the color from yellow-green to green appropriate. The farmer’s experience is that the flower buds and flower buds grow to a certain size and are naturally stored for 2 days after harvesting. Flower balls that are not scattered are sent to the processing plant and the individual flower balls are left behind. In the process of handling flower bulbs, they should be single-received, single-pendulum, and single-released to prevent extrusion damage and reduce the export level standard and rotten vegetable phenomenon. Second, the integrated pest control technology 1. To avoid the high incidence of pests Tai'an in Shandong Province every year in early April the disease began to occur in late May to early June for the high incidence period. The organic broccoli in the large arch shed was harvested in mid-to-late May to avoid the high incidence of diseases and pests. Due to the low temperature in the early spring, large arch shelters were used to create favorable conditions for the growth of broccoli, making broccoli robust and strong. Resistance to pests and diseases. 2. Rotation crops before rotation can not be cruciferous vegetables, preferably beans, green leafy vegetables, eggplants and onions and garlic. If broccoli in the season does not suffer from pests and diseases, it can be rotated once a year; if pests and diseases occur and are more serious, it should be repeated three times a year. 3. Clean the countryside, cultivate the land before harvesting the crops, and then clean the pastoral areas in time to harvest the dead leaves and burn them. Tanabe weeds are also the main wintering sites for pests and pests and are all removed. In the beginning of winter, when the underground pests enter hibernation, they should go deep into the land and destroy the places where the underground pests are. Generally deep plowing land 25 ~ 28cm deep, after cultivation, the soil is frozen as deep as possible, so that the underground pests were left dead and were frozen to death. 4. Bio-pesticides The pesticides used to control the cultivation of organic vegetables must be biological agents or naturally-occurring substances. It is not allowed to contain or add synthetic chemicals, otherwise their products will not meet the standards of organic foods. (1) Control of pests Control of Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella: 1.8% of avermectin EC 3 to 6 g/hm 2 spray; or 4 000 IU/μL of Bacillus thuringiensis suspension 1500 to 2 250 mL/hm2 spray; or 1 600 IU/mg Bacillus thuringiensis WP 750 ~ 1 125g/hm2 spray; polyhedrin virus (NPV) and granulosis virus 1 billion PIB/mL suspension 1500 ~ 2 250mL/hm2 spray. Control of aphids and whitefly: 0.36% matrine aqueous solution 6.48-8.64 g/hm2 spray; or 0.5% veratrine soluble liquid 5.6-7.5 g/hm2 spray. Control of Liriomyza: 20% avegicide microemulsion 90-180 g/hm2 spray. Prevention and control of underground pests (grasshoppers, crabs, golden needleworms, mantle): 1.1% matrine powder 330-420 g/hm2 soil treatment. (2) Disease Prevention and Control Virus Disease Prevention: Spray 10% mixed fatty acid emulsion 900-1200g/hm2. Control of fungal diseases (biasing, wilt, melasma, downy mildew): 20% of agricultural anti-120 water agent (double antibiotic) 150g/hm2; or 5% of Jinggangmycin aqueous solution 75 to 112g/hm2 ; Or 50% formilfone WP 600 ~ 900 g/hm2; or 30% alkaline copper sulphate suspension 800 ~ 1000g/hm2 spray. III. Analysis of Production and Benefits According to the observations of production practices in recent years, the output of greenhouse mulch and mulch in early spring is quite similar, but the difference is not significant, but it is significantly different from open cultivation. The purchase price of broccoli in the early spring of greenhouses was significantly higher than that of mulching and open field cultivation, and biological pesticides were rarely used to control pests and diseases. At present, each 667m2 steel structure with a large arch shed has an investment of 6,500 yuan, which is depreciated for 8 years and averages 812.50 yuan per year. The greenhouse membrane investment is 1,200 yuan, which is available for 2 years, and the annual investment is 600 yuan; the investment in plastic film is 60 yuan; the seed money is 80 yuan; Fertilizer and other 440 yuan. Main products: main curry 1474.5kg/667m2, purchase price 3.60 yuan/kg; by-products: side curry 206.4 kg/667m2, purchase price 1.60 yuan/kg; stems and leaves (dairy farm acquisition) 204.00 yuan/667m2. The net income is 3849.94 yuan/667m2. In Table 1, the output and output value are the average values ​​in the past three years. The net income is the income from the expense (excluding labor costs). Costs include: depreciation costs for greenhouses, investment in plastic film, seed money, organic fertilizer investment, biological pesticides and other expenses.
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