First, what is lubricant?
A: Lubrication is the use of lubricants to reduce (or control) the friction between two friction surfaces or other forms of surface damage, thereby reducing friction. Because the two different surfaces are in contact, they will rub against each other and have the following consequences: wear, noise, and high temperatures. If we add lubricant between the two, we can reduce the above situation. Lubricating oil is also one of the lubricants. It forms an oil film on the surface of the machine and is interposed between two mechanical parts that contact each other. So that the activities between the two become easier, smoother, faster, and greatly reduce the damage caused by friction; therefore, if you want the engine to achieve the best lubrication effect, choose the right lubrication is very important.
Second, what are the main functions of lubricants?
1. Control the friction: Add lubricant between the rubbing surfaces to form a lubricating film, reduce the direct metal contact between the friction surfaces, thereby reducing the friction coefficient, reducing frictional resistance and reducing power consumption.
2. Reduced wear: The lubricating film with a certain strength between the friction surfaces can support the load, avoid or reduce the direct contact of the metal surface, thus reducing the degree of plastic deformation, melting welding, shearing and re-adhesion, etc. of the contact surface. Adhesive wear.
3, cooling and cooling: Lubricants can reduce the friction coefficient and reduce frictional heat generation.
4, sealed isolation: Lubricants, especially grease covered on the friction surface or other metal surface, can isolate moisture, moisture and other harmful media and metal contact, thereby reducing corrosion and wear, prevent rust, protect the metal surface.
5, reduce vibration: Lubricants can shock vibration mechanical energy into hydraulic energy, play a role in slowing down the impact of noise absorption.
Third, what are the uses of various additives in lubricants?
(1) Clean dispersants have four functions: solubilization, dispersion, acid neutralization, and adsorption.
(2) The role of antioxidant and anti-oxidant additives is to inhibit the oxidation process of oil products, and to catalyze the oxidation of metals by passivation, so as to extend the use of oil products and protect the machine.
(3) The function of the pour point depressant is to reduce the condensation point of the oil, so that the oil maintains good fluidity at low temperatures and improves the engine's low temperature starting performance. .
(4) Viscosity index improver can increase the viscosity of oil products, especially to meet the low temperature performance requirements of oil products.
(5) Oily agents and extreme pressure antiwear agents can react chemically with metal surfaces to form a chemical reaction film to prevent metal surface abrasion, abrasion and fusion welding.
(6) The role of rust inhibitors includes the formation of an adsorbent protective layer on the metal surface to prevent the corrosive medium from coming into contact with the metal and play a role in rust prevention.
(7) The main role of anti-foaming agent is to inhibit the production of foam, so as to avoid the formation of a stable foam, it can be adsorbed on the bubble film, forming an unstable film, so as to achieve the purpose of destroying the foam.
(8) The anti-emulsifier can change the tension at the oil/water interface and separate the oil and water so as to improve the anti-emulsification performance of the oil.
Fourth, what is the pour point?
A: When the oil is cooled under the standard conditions, the lowest temperature that can continue to flow is called the pour point. The lubricating oil's pour point is usually considered when selecting the lubricating oil. The pour point of the lubricating oil should be 5 to 10 degrees lower than the lowest temperature of the environment.
What is a flash point?
A: Under the specified conditions, heating the lubricating oil, when the oil temperature reaches a certain temperature, the mixture of the lubricating oil vapor and the surrounding air, once in contact with the flame, flash fire phenomenon occurs, the lowest flash fire temperature, known as The flash point of the lubricant. When using lubricating oil, the flash point of the lubricating oil should be considered according to the use temperature. Generally, the flash point should be 20 to 30 degrees higher than the operating temperature in order to ensure safety and reduce volatilization losses.
What is the acid value?
A: The acid value of a lubricating oil is a measure of the total organic acid content of the lubricating oil (in most cases, the mineral oil does not contain inorganic acids). The milligram of potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize 1g of petroleum products is called the acid value. The size of the lubricating oil acid value has a great influence on the use of lubricating oil. The large acid value of the lubricating oil means that the lubricating oil has a high content of organic acids and may cause corrosion of mechanical parts, especially when water is present, which may be more pronounced. In addition, the lubricating oil is oxidized and degraded during storage and use, and the acid value is also gradually increased. The commonly used acid value changes to measure the oxidation stability of the lubricating oil, or as an oil change indicator.
Seven, what is the total alkali number?
A: No, because the oil can play a role in lubrication and protection. Viscosity is a very important factor. The viscosity of the oil generally changes with temperature. When the temperature is high, the engine oil will become thin. On the contrary, when the temperature is low, the engine oil will become rich. Some oils will change very much, while others will be very small. The high quality oils will look thick at normal temperatures, but they will become hot at high temperatures. It's very thin, and it doesn't provide any lubrication protection.
What are the components of the grease?
A: The grease is composed of three parts: base oil, thickener, and additive. The base oil accounts for 70%-90%, the thickener accounts for 10%-20%, and the additive content is less than 5%.
1. Base oil: It is an important part of the grease. The lubrication properties of the grease depend on the lubricating properties of the base oil. Therefore, it is very important to choose the correct base oil.
2, thickening agent: is an important part of the grease, which forms a skeleton in the grease, the base oil is adsorbed on and fixed on the skeleton to form a colloid. The nature and content of the thickener determine the viscosity of the grease, as well as its water resistance and heat resistance.
3, additives: Its role is to improve some of the performance of grease. Such as adding extreme pressure additives, can improve the extreme pressure properties of grease; adding anti-rust additives can improve the anti-rust properties of grease.
Nine, what is the drop point?
A: The dropping point is that the grease is heated under the specified conditions. The grease softens as the temperature rises, dropping the first drop of temperature from the fat cup. In general, the maximum temperature limit for the use of grease should be below its dropping point of 30°C-50°C. However, for the use of low speed applications, the maximum operating temperature limit for grease may be 15°C to 30°C lower than the dropping point. It should be noted that the dropping point is not the only parameter to determine the maximum operating temperature limit of the grease; to determine the maximum operating temperature limit of a grease, in addition to the dropping point, also refer to the grease's consistency, base oil and thickener at high temperatures. The antioxidant capacity, colloidal stability at high temperature and other parameters.
Ten, what is the penetration rate?
A: also known as cone penetration, is a measure of the consistency of the grease (ie, the degree of hardness and hardness); at the specified temperature and load, the cone of the cone penetration meter sinks vertically into the depth of the grease sample within 5 s . When using grease, other factors must be considered, not just considering the index of coning; here a misunderstanding should be specifically corrected, that is, the smaller the coning (ie thicker) grease, the higher the temperature resistance. it is good. Cone penetration can not be understood as a parameter equivalent to the viscosity of lubricating oil. For example, for heavy-duty and low-speed machines, more viscous lubricating oil is used instead of thicker grease. On the contrary, it is necessary to use softer lubricating oil. Grease (but grease base oil viscosity should be better).
11. What should be noticed during the use and maintenance of the lubrication system?
Answer: The lubrication system should pay attention to the following aspects during use and maintenance:
1. With the use of lubricants of a suitable quality grade, if the quality level of the engine oil used is lower than the required level, no matter how advanced the automobile and how well it is maintained, the performance of the automobile and the prolonged service life of the automobile cannot be exerted.
2. The storage container for lubricating oil must be clean and sealed to prevent water from mixing in. The lubricating oil is best stored indoors, avoiding high temperature, direct sunlight and oxidation; different brands of engine oil, do not mix storage.
3, regular oil change. Any quality grade of lubricant will change during use. After a certain mileage, its performance will deteriorate and it will cause various failures to the engine. In order to avoid the occurrence of failure, the normal oil change cycle specified in the vehicle specification should be followed. Or change the oil regularly in combination with the conditions of use.
4. Always check the oil level of the oil pan to ensure that the oil level is normal.
5, in operation, should pay attention to observe the oil pressure and oil temperature, and find out the causes and trouble-shooting in time.
6. Observe and record the amount of oil consumed. When abnormal consumption occurs, identify the cause and eliminate the malfunction.
7. Keep the crankcase well ventilated. The gas escaping from the combustion chamber is corrosive and can promote the oxidative deterioration of engine oil and pollute the engine. Therefore, fresh air must be replaced in time.
8. When the engine is off, the throttle must not be throttled continuously. Otherwise, the remaining gas in the cylinder will accelerate the wear of the oil film on the cylinder wall or leak into the crankcase to dilute the contamination.
9, regular maintenance of air filter. Air cleaners should always be kept clean and the filter elements replaced.
10, regular cleaning lubrication system parts. If the oil contamination blocks the lubrication system, it cannot guarantee the smoothness of the lubrication system and affect the normal operation of the engine and increase the pollution of the lubricant.
Twelve, how to choose gear oil?
A: The choice of gear oil is mainly based on the following conditions:
Gear type, gear speed, gear ratio, ambient temperature and operating temperature, input power, load characteristics (durable load, impact, load size), drive type, lubrication method (splash, pressure), moisture contamination, oil leakage, etc.
13. What are the factors affecting gear lubrication?
A: The factors affecting gear lubrication are:
1. Temperature: When the temperature drops, the lubricant will thicken. As the temperature rises, it becomes thinner. Therefore, low-viscosity lubricating oils are required at low temperatures, and thick oils are required at high temperatures to prevent dry friction between metals.
2. Speed: The faster the speed of sliding and turning, the less time it takes for the gear to squeeze into the lubricant. At the same time, the lubricating oil is more likely to become thicker and thicker under high-speed operation. Therefore: Use high viscosity (heavy oil) at low speed and low viscosity oil (thin oil) at high speed.
3. Load (Pressure): High-viscosity oils are more resistant to heavy loads than thin oils and prevent metal-metal collisions. Therefore, low-viscosity lubricants are required for light loads, and high-viscosity lubricants are required for high loads.
4, hit the load: such as the law of the engine power, which requires more heavy oil in order to prevent the oil film from the momentary rupture caused by the boundary lubrication, because only a very small amount of oil can be left. In this case, a lubricating oil containing an extreme pressure additive (EP) is needed.
5. Gear type: When using straight teeth, helical teeth, herringbone teeth and bevel gear pairs, sliding and rotation will produce an effective oil film formation to reduce the direct contact between meshing teeth. In non-equivalent shaft transmissions such as a turbo worm gear and a hypoid gear, the direction of relative slip operation is not conducive to maintaining the oil film. In this transmission, boundary lubrication often occurs in large quantities. Therefore, still heavy oil is required on the turbo scroll device and the large eccentric amount hyperbolic gear transmission. When these transmissions are subjected to heavy loads and high pressures, lubricating oils with high-strength oil film properties (high viscosity), smoothness, lubricity, or even extreme pressure additives are selected.
14. What are the common problems of gear lubrication?
1, the viscosity of the lubricant is not sufficient to form a surface oil film between the teeth.
2. Lubricating oil is overheated due to a poor cooling system, so that the oil quickly turns black and oxidizes to form deposits.
3, the use of poor quality lubricants.
15. How to choose hydraulic oil?
A: When selecting the hydraulic oil, consider the environmental conditions and working conditions of the hydraulic system, such as the working pressure and temperature of the oil pump and the type of the oil pump. Metallic materials, sealing materials and coating properties used in hydraulic components, hydraulic oil, hydraulic performance, and economics.
16. How to choose hydraulic transmission oil?
Answer: Hydraulic transmission oil is a special oil product for hydraulic transmission. The oil of the corresponding product type should be selected according to the manufacturer's regulations. When used, it should not be mixed with other oil products.
Seventeen, how to choose rail oil?
1, according to the sliding speed and average pressure of the guide rail to select the viscosity of the lubricant.
2, at the same time as a guide rail lubricant for hydraulic media.
3, according to the actual application of domestic and foreign machine tool rail lubrication reference selection of lubricants.
18. How to use frozen oil?
Answer: When choosing the lubricating oil for refrigerators, it should be based on the product type of the refrigerator, the type of refrigerant used and its evaporation temperature, and the specific working conditions of the refrigerator (such as speed, load size, working environment, etc.) Comprehensive analysis and comparison, in order to determine the specific specifications or brand of refrigerating machine oil.
19. How to choose the correct oil for machining equipment?
1. Directly search for the recommended nameplate for the lubricant on the machine.
2. Check the lubricant recommendation table on the device manual.
3. Contact the oil sales person or engineer to further confirm the product.
20. What are the identification methods for the quality of lubricants?
1, appearance and smell
(1) The oil is clean and clear, and the golden oil or dark brown color of the new oil is still used, indicating that the pollution is very light.
(2) Fog or cloudiness indicates that the engine oil has been contaminated with water or antifreeze. The water content in the mist is small, and the amount of turbidity or emulsified moisture is large.
(3) The color is grayed out and may be contaminated by leaded gasoline; incomplete combustion of the fuel will quickly turn the oil into darker black.
(4) It is normal for the oil to remain unchanged after the oil is left standing for a while.
(5) Abnormal odor is one of the characteristics of lubricating oil pollution. High-temperature oxidation of lubricating oils has a burning irritating odor. Severely diluted lubricating oils have the smell of gasoline or light diesel oil.
2, burst noise
Make a small dish with aluminum foil or other metal flakes, add 1-3 drops of shaken lubricant after heating for 1- 2 minutes. If the lubricating oil is spattered and splashed, it means that the oil contains more water; if there is an explosion sound immediately, it means there is a trace amount of water; the strength and duration of the sound are related to the moisture content.
3, oil flow observation
When no contaminated lubricating oil flows, the oil flow should be slender, even and continuous; if there is a sudden and fluctuating oil flow, and sometimes a large volume of liquid flows down, the oil has deteriorated.
4, traces of oil
Take a clean white filter paper, drop a few drops of oil on the paper, after the oil penetrates, if there is black powder on the surface, touch it with a touch of sensation, it means that there are more impurities in the oil; no pollution of the oil Powder and yellow traces.
21, how to identify whether the deterioration of lubricating oil?
1. The lubricating oil is deep black (it means there is no clean and dispersant additive in the lubricating oil).
2, foam and emulsification has occurred.
3, with your fingers, sticky, astringent or odor.
4. It is dark brown on white paper, with no yellow dipping area or lots of black spots.
Twenty-two, what are the basic requirements for indoor storage of lubricants?
A: Indoor storage: It is the most ideal storage method. Concentrating the oil drums in a designated place in the factory can save a lot of time for transportation. It is very convenient. Barrels must not be stored in areas near steam lines or heaters. If the factory can not accommodate the use of lubricants; the best way is to use the nearby library for temporary storage, but the shelves should be installed, and set up near the hanging platform to smooth the oil drums. All types of lubricants are systematically arranged for easy access. Those that have been stored for a long time should be used first. They should not be blocked by newly arrived stocks. The principle of advanced use can reduce the chance of deterioration of the oil due to storage for too long.
23. What are the basic requirements for outdoor storage of lubricants?
A: Outdoor storage: It is bad practice to store lubricants outdoors. However, if space-based reasons must be kept outdoors, some precautions should be taken to minimize the adverse consequences: temporarily erected tents or waterproof canvas can protect the barrels from the erosion of rain and must be stored off the ground. More than ten centimeters on the shelf to prevent damage due to moisture; the oil barrel should be placed horizontally so that the two barrels on the lid are plugged in the same horizontal line; when the barrel must be placed in the direction of the barrel up, it should be The wooden rods lean on the bottom of one side of the oil barrel, and the straight lines of the two barrel plugs are parallel to the wood strips, so that the water can be kept away from the opening of the barrel plug.
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