Hybrid Seed Production and Hybrid Seed Production of Pepper

I. Breeding of Pepper Hybrid Seeds

Production of pepper hybrid seeds

1. Pepper flower out-of-line peppers are regular cross-pollination crops that are self-pollinated but have some natural hybridization. Different varieties, sweet pepper types, short style, the natural hybrid rate of 5%; pepper type of species, long style, the natural hybrid rate is higher than 20%. In the open area, the minimum safe isolation distance of pepper is 150 meters. Due to the low outcrossing rate of pepper, artificial pollination is required even if other methods of planting such as male infertility are utilized.

2. High propagation coefficient Generally, one hybrid flower can be obtained, and 80-200 seeds can be obtained for the pepper varieties, and more than 200 seeds can be obtained for the sweet pepper types. For the cultivation of commodity peppers, farmers use less seed per hectare, and generally only need 450-600 grams of seed per hectare. Currently, the cross breeding of pepper is still dominated by two inbred lines. Artificial detasseling is still the main method of hybrid seed production. the reason.

Cultivation techniques and seed production

1. Cultivation density The cultivation density not only affects the total number of plants per unit area, but also directly affects the seed production. To facilitate pollination operations and irrigation, mother Honda uses a two-line method for each plant. The orientation of the ridges should be based on the actual situation in the local area. Attention should be paid to the ease of drainage and irrigation, avoiding strong light radiation and reducing the occurrence of sunburn.

The breadth and width of the dough are usually determined according to the characteristics of the female parent. For the varieties with early mature maternity, general growth potential, and high fruit setting rate after pollination, the width of baggage pods is about 1 meter wide; if the maternal growth trait is strong and it is not easy to set fruit, the buckwheat noodles, especially ditch, should be suitable. It is wider and can have a width of about 1.5 meters. The plant spacing also depends on the nature of the female parent.

2. Fertilizer management after pollination The quality of fertilizer and water management after pollination ends directly affects the 1000-grain weight of pepper seeds. The general pollination period is about 30 days. At the end of pollination, the peppers have entered the fruitful period. The number of fruits per plant is large, the early fruits are large, and the later fruits are small. The reason why the total yield is not high is due to the late management of the fertilizer and water. , resulting in poor post-fruit seed development, few seed sound effects, seed weight is low.

Second, pollination operation and seed production

Pollination operations include powder collection, flower selection, castration, and pollination.

After observation and research, the fruit set with the highest rate of fruit set and the number of seeds per fruit after emasculation and pollination was 2-6 layers. Although the fruit set rate of 7-9 layers of flowers decreased, but because of flowering concentration, it is also convenient for pollination, also is the pepper hybrid. The optimal level of pollination for pollination; 4-6 layers of flowers not only have a high fruit setting rate, but also have a large number of single seeds, a large number of seeds, and account for more than half of the individual plant yield. This is a critical period for seed production; The main part of the strain. The results of fruit setting rate, single seed number, and seed weight per plant of main branch flowers and side branch flowers showed that the fruit set rate, single seed number, and seed 1000-grain weight of main branch flowers of layers 2-7 were higher than those of lateral branch flowers after emasculation.

At present, China's various seed production bases use different pruning methods according to different situations. Hainan seed production base, playing some side branches or not playing; the northern base of the main branch buds pollination; and Eastern China greenhouse cultivation base, generally do not hit the lateral branch, lateral branch flower pollination has also become part of the seed production.

The pollination period and seed production yield have been explored for many years. The pollination period in Hainan is from November to February of the following year, the best pollination period is in December; the best pollination period in Shanxi is from the end of June to early July; the best pollination in East China The period is from late April to mid-May; the best pollination period in the northeast and northwest is July. For a certain farming system, the best pollination period should also be selected based on the growth of pepper seedlings. The early growth of pepper seedlings was weak and the pollination period should be postponed.

According to the survey of large-scale farming fields, it can be seen that the pollination rate at 7-10 and 16-19 hours a day is higher, and the best pollination time varies among different seed production bases. Therefore, all seed production bases should arrange pollination time on the same day according to local favorable conditions, avoiding the time that is not conducive to pollination results, so as to increase the fruit setting rate after pollination and the number of single seeds, so as to increase the seed production. Hainan base, from December to January next year, 8-12 am, 2-7 pm, the temperature is very suitable for male pollination, fruit set rate is high. However, there are dew areas in some places, pollination time can be pushed back 1-2 hours. Pollination in greenhouses in eastern China is to use pollination as early as 6-10 o'clock in the morning and 3-7 o'clock in the afternoon to avoid high temperatures at noon. Northern Base pollination time is 6-11 and 16-20, mainly to avoid strong light radiation at noon.

Third, choose the principle of seed production base

Good natural conditions include temperature, light, moisture, fertility, soil texture, isolation conditions, length of frost-free period and traffic conditions, etc. It must be most conducive to hybrid seed production.

(1) The base has a frost-free period of more than 120 days. After pepper is planted in Daejeon, it can be pollinated in about 30 days; the flowering period of general peppers is between 30-50 days, and the pollination period is also about 30 days; about 50-70 days after pollination Long, pepper fruits reach a physiological maturity before they can be seeded. Peppers start from colonization, and pollination to seed production in the field requires 110-130 days of growth.

(2) The number of consecutive daily average temperatures at 20°C-25°C is not less than 70 days. The average daily temperature is 20°C-25°C, the maximum temperature is less than 30, and the lowest temperature is higher than 15°C, which is most suitable for the growth of pepper. Under these conditions, it takes about 50-70 days for the peppers to mature from pollination to fruit ripening.

(3) Pollination during the pollination season Pepper hybrid pollination needs to be carried out in Daejeon. It not only affects the fruit setting of the pepper, but also affects the pollinator's work. When selecting the seed production base, it is necessary to select a season with less rainfall and dryness. Arrange for the pollination period.

(4) Adequate labor resources Pepper seed production is labor-intensive and requires a lot of labor. The general mother is 67 square meters and it needs about 300 labor days. The labor time is about 30 days. Therefore, when selecting a base, we must fully consider the factor of labor resources and arrange the seed production area according to the number of laborers.

(5) Selection of crop mouths The pollination period must be arranged during the slack season of the main crop. Otherwise, it is difficult to concentrate the labor force for pollination, affecting the yield and quality of hybrid seed production.

(6) The local disaster climate that the base should avoid from the disaster climate generally refers to natural disasters such as hail, flood, drought, and storm.

Tillage conditions Pepper hybrid seed production base must have certain farming conditions, such as cultivation land, irrigation conditions and road facilities, isolation conditions, etc., and the seed production area must be able to form a certain scale of seed production to ensure seed production regionalization.

The seed production bases with certain technical strengths must have a certain amount of technical strength. The local technicians should have a certain understanding of the significance of seed production and have a certain understanding of the hybrid seed production work, and have a certain amount of good and complicated experience. The local government must support and the quality of the workforce should be relatively high and the overall productivity level should be high. Can improve the economic benefits of seed producers.

IV. Construction of seed production teams

A stable seed production team must be established to give it a high degree of quality awareness and skilled pollination techniques.

The main responsibilities of management staff are to control the water and fertilizer management of crops, prevent and treat pests and diseases, check pollination quality during pollination, selection of pollination time, preparation of pollen and distribution of pollen utensils, harvesting of red ripe red pepper, and fly Income and drying, cleaning, etc. Therefore, we must strengthen our sense of responsibility and conduct some technical training. Training can be divided into three steps, one is indoor learning + data-based; the second is field training, while learning while operating; the third is field operations, grouping internships. After the training, managers are required to grasp the basic knowledge of watering and fertilization; how to check whether the emasculation is thorough, whether to pollinate or not, and whether to mark it during pollination; the basic knowledge of powder collection; the physiological maturity of pepper fruits, and the appropriate seed collection period.

Pollinators should concentrate the training of pollinators before the start of cross pollination.

(1) Mastering the operation technology The training of pollination operation technology mainly includes four aspects: the emasculation technique, the pollination technique, the marking technique, and the selection of flower buds.

(2) Responsibility education

(3) Responsibility for fragmentation In order to facilitate management, pollinators can implement fragmented and responsible management. Their wages can be linked to the number of fruits they are responsible for. Generally, in the flowering period, one person who is ordained to pollinate can bear 300-400 plants per person per day.

V. Seed production base management

After the rational distribution and unified arrangements for the establishment of a seed production base, it is necessary to identify a variety of seed production sites and rationally allocate them. In determining a seed production point, we must consider the pepper continuum, must be unified production planning within 3-5 years, so that farming can fully rotate crops, reduce pests and diseases; Second, pepper seed production requires a lot of labor, to rational use The third is to make full use of the local microclimate conditions and plan suitable varieties for different seed production. At the same time, we must also plan to develop toward the periphery and open up new seeding areas so as to lay the foundation for future expansion of production. In order to facilitate management, a single seed production site is not allowed to arrange more than two varieties at the same time, so as to avoid mixed income when harvesting, resulting in losses.

The management method can analyze each base's situation one by one and adopt different management methods. Hainan Base will include farmers with experience in seed production, management experience and strong economic foundations in the contract system. The East China Base adopts the management mode of the township government and farmers, while the Northwest China adopts the management method of the company + farmer households. North China adopts the management method of office + farmer households.

The production staff of the technical service breeding unit should go deep into the grassroots, directly provide technical guidance to the farmers, and effectively increase the seed production and seed quality.

The technician team management should focus on the training of quality awareness and production techniques for grassroots technicians and improve their quality; change the management methods, implement the employment system, and introduce competition mechanisms.

Six, the original species, the original species of production

The original species refers to the bred original seeds (original species), which generally refers to the original seeds originally used by breeders who have been approved for new varieties of peppers or seeds that have been selected for production and that are completely identical to the original seed traits. The original species (parent) is the seed that has been produced by the expansion of the original species and has the same characteristics as the original species.

The single plant selection is to select some good individuals from the population that meet or approximate the main traits of the original cultivar or breeding target. The next year, each offspring of a single plant will form a strain and sow a plot. According to the performance of each strain, decide to choose.

Mixed selection is based on the main traits of each growth period of the plant. From the cultivar population, select good single plants and single fruit mixed seeds that meet the traits of the original cultivar, and the next generation will be sowed in the identification area for identification.

Plant selection, which is the selection of a plant, is an essential means of any selection method. The following principles must be followed when selecting strains:

1 determine the main trait standard of the strain;

2 clear the primary and secondary traits;

3 individuals should not be too few, we must ensure that there are certain selected groups;

4 To be identified throughout the growth period.

The main factor that determines the heterosis in the production of the original species is the homozygosity of the parental genotype. The more homozygous the genes of the parents, the greater the advantage of their offspring. The original species is the parent of the original species, so it must be a highly homozygous, very stable inbred line.

1. Procedure for production of hybrid peppers Original species Pepper is a cross-pollination crop, and its population has a very complex genotype structure. Therefore, we must grasp the characteristics of a certain inbred line in separate populations. The original species of pepper is basically provided by the breeder.

2. Problems needing attention in the production of hybrid raw pepper

(1) The area of ​​the original species production nursery should not be too large, but it must have good isolation conditions to prevent biological mixture.

(2) The original species production garden shall be set in the same environment where the inbred lines are selected, and its typical characteristic characteristics shall be selected.

(3) For the production of the original species, single plant selection should be carried out and the mixed species should be reserved. The choice can generally be divided into three times. For the first time in the flowering period, the selection of traits such as plant type, leaf, flower, node, and disease resistance of pepper was selected to eliminate outliers that did not meet the standard; the second choice was at the peak of the results, and the first In the selected plants, the traits such as fruit type, fruit color, number of fruiting, and fruit set concentration were eliminated; the third time during the fruit collection period, the high yield, quality and resistance were eliminated in the second candidate plant. Diseased, poorly tolerant individuals. Individuals selected after three selections can adopt the method of mixed seed retention.

(4) The original species once produced a large amount of production, minimizing the number of generations of breeds.

(5) When the original species is stored in the packaging, the manufacturer, the date of production, and the source of the inbred line should be indicated inside or outside the package. It is better to record the characters of the original species in both the picture and the text. After entering the warehouse, quality inspections must be carried out. Only when the quality is qualified can the original species be produced.

Survey records items and standards

1. Basic situation

(1) Original species name (2) Original breeding unit and original seed providing unit

(3) Origin of the original species, unit, and person in charge (4) Notes on the basic situation of the field

Record the design, cultivation methods and density of cornices, soil quality, gardens, planting time, seedling period, main field management operation period, basic fertilizer, quantity and methods of fertilizer application, special weather and disaster conditions.

2. Characteristics

(1) Plant characteristics Plant height, plant width, leaf length and width were measured in the middle and later stages of fertility, and the leaf shape and leaf color were described.

(2) Fruit traits The color, shape, fruit length, transverse diameter, single fruit weight, and number of fruit seeds of commercial fruit and physiological ripe fruit were measured.

(3) The date of emergence of 50% of seedlings in each line of emergence.

(4) The flowering date of 50% of the pepper plants in the flowering period.

(5) 50% of the gate peppers of the fruit harvest period reached the date of commodity maturity.

(6) Physiological maturity date of 50% of the seedlings of each line during the fruit collection period.

(7) Yield per plant Yield per unit area.

(8) Stress resistance includes disease resistance, insects, cold-resistance, drought tolerance, and rot resistance. The disease should indicate the type of injury and date.

Original species, original species selection

China's pepper growing areas can be divided into three types according to their ecological conditions: one is the subtropical region, including the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, South China, Southwest China, Hunan, Sichuan is a typical representative of the region, the typical climate is characterized by early low temperature Medium-term high temperature and humidity, late high-temperature and drought. The greatest feature of this area is low temperature and humidity in spring, which is unfavorable to the early growth of peppers. Summer temperatures are high, humidity is high, diseases and pests are serious, and the yield is unstable. In the autumn, high temperature and drought, pests are more, and the yield of planted peppers is low. The second category is the tropical and nearby areas, represented by Hainan Province, which is mainly back-season cultivation. The three types are temperate regions, represented by North China and Northwest China. The specific method for selecting the species is to first select the traits of the original species, the original species' disease resistance, cold resistance, drought resistance, high temperature resistance, high humidity tolerance, and yield in the harsh climate conditions in the Yangtze River Basin. Plants with low sex and poor adaptability have increased parental resistance.

VII. Production of pepper hybrid generation seeds

1. Make sure that the father and mother's flowering time meets the parent and mother's sowing time according to their ripeness and flowering characteristics and local climate conditions. In the same place, different combinations and the same combination, different places, sowing wrongly also have difference.

2. The ratio of parent and female parent to father and mother is based on sufficient parental pollen to meet pollination needs. At present, the proportion of the parental cultivation of pepper varieties is basically 1:3 to 5. The ratio of sweet peppers to bell peppers can be larger, that is, the number of paternal ones can be less; the combination of sharp peppers as female parent and bell pepper as male parent requires a large amount of pollen, and the father has more planting; The bell pepper is the female parent, the pepper is the father, and the father can be less, but pay attention to the fact that the sharp pepper has many flowers and the pollen of each flower is less; the sharp pepper and the sharp pepper are crossed and the proportion of the father is required. Also bigger.

3. Isolation of pepper production and other pepper varieties isolated distance requirements of 500 meters. Because pepper flowers are very attractive to insects, during pollination due to the visit of insects, it is easy to cause biological mixing, affecting the quality of seeds. Therefore, attention must be paid to isolation when choosing a field for farming.

4. The removal of miscellaneous strains is the primary task before the start of pepper pollination. Due to changes in the external factors of the natural world, very few mutations in the population can also be caused, such as the appearance of short peppers in the female pepper, or the growth of hair on the stems of the plants. These hybrids must also be removed.

5. Finishing of female plants At the beginning of pollination, mother plants must be rearranged. All the flowers that were already open on the plants and the fruits that had already been settled were removed and pruned at the same time. All the branches below the pepper were removed and the thin, poorly developed shoots inside the plants were removed. Pruning work should be performed at any time during pollination.

Cultivation characteristics of pepper cultivation

1. Prepare the field plots for the cultivation of pepper cultivation, prepare in advance, and timely excavate the gutters, gutters, and gutters to keep the soil dry and loose. The cultivated soil should not be too small. The bottom soil should be as big as the palm. The soil above it should be small and flat, and wet soil should not be leveled. The main base fertilizer for pepper production is organic fertilizer. In combination with site preparation, most of the base fertilizers can be evenly buried in 10-20 cm soil layers. A small part of basal fertilizer is used as a point fertilizer application. If compound fertilizer is used, after digging, dig a small ditch in the middle of the surface of the mulberry, about 10 cm in depth, throw a small amount of compound fertilizer into the ditch, and cover the soil.

Farming should consider various factors such as irrigation and drainage, pollination, and density. Generally, two rows are planted on each ridge, and the ditch is 100-130 cm wide. Variety ripeness and growth potential are not the same, the breadth and width of the noodles vary. In order to facilitate drainage and irrigation, promote deep

Ditch high ridge, ditch depth up to 20-30 cm.

2. Colonization of pepper is not too cold tolerant to cold, and the colonization period mainly depends on the temperature conditions of the open field. Generally, after the local night frost period, the temperature will rise and become stable after planting. Otherwise, the late growth of pepper is extremely unfavorable. Colonization should be done on a sunny day and when the soil is dry, pouring root water immediately after planting. The density of planting is closely related to the variety.

3. Management after planting

(1) Top-dressing pepper Top dressing should be based on the characteristics of different stages of growth. The top-dressing peppers have their own technical points. The basal fertilizer should be sufficient. Before the pollination, or before the ridge sealing, the fertilizer should be applied once. After pollination, the fruit fertilizer should be re-used. The specific fertilization quantity should be determined according to the soil fertility and the growth of the peppers at the time, and it cannot be generalized. The principle is a lack of fertilizer.

(2) Irrigation of irrigated peppers should be based on the water requirements of the cup's growing period. The technical points are: weeding before wetting; avoiding rain after irrigation; avoiding irrigation at noon in the summer; emergency irrigating; irrigation not flooding, irrigation to a depth of 2/3; timely drainage; The method of top dressing with multiple fertilizers requires top dressing to be combined with irrigation.

(3) Prevention and control of pests and diseases should be based on prevention, make full use of the medicinal properties and efficacy period of various pesticides, combine fertilization, irrigation, prevent prevention, use pesticides scientifically, and make full use of the medicinal properties of various pesticides. Period, combined with fertilization, irrigation, to prevent the epidemic of pests and diseases.

Hybrid Seed Production

1. Pollination and pollination is the key to seed production of hybrid peppers, which determines the yield and quality of the seed. Pollination mainly includes powder sampling, emasculation, pollination, and marking: four steps.

2. Seeds that are completely red-ripened do not need to be ripened after harvesting, but fruits that are not completely red-seared should be cooked properly and then removed. Remove the seeds should remove the placenta and other impurities, do not wash with water, immediately drying, you can get a golden color, germination rate of good seeds.

Seed Storage Before storage of hybrid seeds, pay attention to the following issues:

1. Sampling pepper hybrid seeds After harvesting, select a representative seed sample of 100 grams and divide it into 5 samples. 2 samples were sent to the higher authorities or agreed by the contracting parties for purity, germination rate (emergence rate), moisture content, and net 4 degree test. Two contract units are kept after being stamped, and one is kept by the seed management station, which is used for arbitration when both parties to the contract dispute the identification or when the quality of the seed has a quality problem.

2. The grading should be based on the appearance quality of the seeds. Different levels of seeds should be stored separately.

3. Before the seeds are put into storage, the moisture content and the cleanliness of the seeds are not up to the standard to be processed. According to different storage conditions, replace the seed bag. Seeds should be divided into varieties, grades, storage by production unit and sampling code. Inside and outside the packaging bag must have a label, and indicate the seed production unit, production date, seed quantity, species name, sampling code, and then storage.

Eight, the choice of farming

According to the experience of seed production in the past ten years, the system of planting fields has been well selected. After the planting, the period of pepper seedlings is short, the early growth is prosperous, the pests and diseases are few, and management is much more effective. On the contrary, growth and management have done twice as much. The seed production bases and seed production households usually conduct inspections six months in advance. When choosing a field for farming, the main consideration is whether the structure and physical and chemical properties of the soil can meet the requirements for the growth and development of the pepper. The most suitable pepper for seed production is also a loam with a neutral pH.

When choosing a farm, you must meet the following requirements:

1. There are sufficient water sources for growing peppers in Daejeon. The growing period is longer in the field, 5-6 months in the south and not less than 6 months in the north. The temperature in the field cultivation is high and the water evaporation is large. The planting area must have Sufficient water supply.

2. Drainage is convenient Chili pepper is afraid of flooding. Therefore, the selected farming system must be a convenient drainage highland. Avoid low-lying areas.

3. Crop rinsing In order to reduce losses caused by pests and diseases, it is best to choose a paddy field or a land that has not been planted in crops such as Solanaceae and melons for more than five years.

4. The adaptability of soil pepper to soil is strong, but the most suitable soil is still loam soil with fine sand, and the pH is about 7. Pepper farming should be selected for many years of cultivation, high organic matter content, ploughed soil.

5. Light-harvesting peppers are plants that are light- and light-tolerant. Therefore, the area where the plants are to be shaded should be protected from shading.

6. Technical conditions The manager or contractor of the farming system should have the experience of hybrid pepper seed production, be skilled in farming operations of various seed production techniques, and be subject to unified management.

Nine, pollination technology

The pollination of hybrid peppers mainly includes four aspects: sampling, emasculation, pollination and marking.

Powder extraction technology

After the male parent of capsicum was castrated, it was necessary to select the pollen with strong pollen and pollination from Father Honda in order to produce hybrid seed.

1. Preparation of pollen powder. The use of powder collectors to extract powder requires a large area of ​​the paternal parent. Generally, the proportion of the parents is about 1:2. The isolation conditions are also strict and are not suitable for large-scale seed production. At this stage, the method of powder collection is very simple, practical, and focused; after picking the parental flowers, the anthers are removed, dried, and the pollen can be sieved with a small hole. The parental area ratio of this method is 1:3~5.

2. To remove impurities Due to the complex genotype of the male parent inbred lines and the stimulation of external environmental conditions will induce a small amount of deterioration, it is necessary to remove impurities from the male parent's impure or mutant strains before pollination begins. Remove the strains. Mistakes to the father should be taken in the wrong way. Parents' miscellaneousness must be carried out by the breeding staff and management personnel of a highly experienced breeding unit.

3. Picking powder. Be sure to choose fresh pollen for pollination. Where there are low temperature storage conditions, it should not exceed 4 days. The steps for making pollen are:

(1) Picking buds In the process of seed production, the traits of the parental seedlings are not enough or the father's habitat is well-rounded, pollen is not enough, and the phenomenon of picking small buds often occurs. When this happens, it is best to stop pollinating for one day, so that the father buds grow and then pick flowers.

(2) Remove the anthers and remove the anthers with forceps or bare hands. But be sure to remove the anthers before loose powder.

(3) The commonly used method of anther drying is to place the anther on a smooth white paper, then dry the white paper in a dry place, and the anther can be split longitudinally. Farmers with a small amount of pollen can remove the anthers from the petri dish and allow them to crack naturally. In addition, in practice, it may be placed under a sheltered sun and dried on an overcast or rainy day. The anther may be dried by an incandescent lamp or other heating method, or may be dried in a cylinder or a barrel provided with quicklime. Wherever possible, it can be placed in a desiccator and dried with a desiccant.

(4) Sieve powder The dried anther is placed on the pollen sieve, and the anther is gently moved with a brush or a row of pens, and the pollen falls from the sieve hole and is collected. Farmers with less dosage can also use a small iron box to oscillate, and then use a brush to gently sweep the pollen and collect it. In large and conditional places, vibrators can be used. After vibration, the pollen falls to the bottom of the screen and can be collected.

(5) Pollen storage Pepper pollen can be maintained for approximately 1-2 days. Therefore, after the pollen has been sieved out, apply a sealed container and place it in a cool, dry, and dark place, try to ensure the vitality of the pollen and prolong the effective life of the pollen. The strength of pollen viability has a great influence on the fruit setting rate and fruiting rate after pollination. Under normal circumstances, fresh pollen should be used as much as possible. If the supply of pollen falls short of demand, it must be mixed with old and new pollen. Use of powder for more than 4 days is prohibited. (6) Viability test of pollen

In order to prevent pollen failure due to the loss of vitality of hybrid pollen, pollen tests for viability. The test methods are mainly morphological test, staining, medium germination test and pollination test.

1 Morphological examination The pollen was checked under a microscope. The pollen of no viability showed abnormalities, no abnormalities such as inclusions.

2 Dye test method Dye test method is to use some chemical reagents to deal with pollen, under the microscope according to the pollen coloring conditions to determine whether there is viability.

3 germination test method The pollen was sown on a medium containing a certain amount of nutrients, and cultured under a certain temperature and humidity conditions for a period of time, the pollen germination rate and pollen tube growth were examined under a microscope to determine pollen viability.

(4) Pollination test The pollen was given on the pistil stigma with the strongest viability after detasseling, and then the viability of the pollen was judged according to the seed setting rate and the number of seeds in the fruit.

Detasseling technology

Pepper is a cross-pollination crop. In hybrid seed production, the stamens of the female parent must be removed. It is related to the purity and advantages of the hybrid generation. The mere theoretical detasseling is to remove the stamens of the female parent, and the detasseling in actual production includes the two steps of selecting buds and detaches of appropriate size.

1. Selecting buds According to careful observation of the growth and development of peppers, most of the pepper flowers (80%) were opened before 10 a.m. The emasculation must pay attention to the selection of buds of suitable size, in order to select the flowering of the previous day as well. Pepper flowers are pollinated when they are open and without loose powder. The fruit set rate is high and the number of single seeds is more. The smaller the flower buds are, the less the number of single seeds after pollination.

When emasculating, it is necessary to select the buds of appropriate size according to the actual situation. Large-scale seed production, emasculation to select the best flower buds to blossom after 6 to 12 hours, the choice of flower buds, do not run flowers as a principle, try to make big buds. However, it should be noted that different varieties, in different conditions, the powder loose time is not the same, especially in the high temperature and dry conditions, it is easy to appear buds do not begin to loose powder, should pay special attention to castration. At the same time, managers must also pay attention to the impact of the weather on the flowering, observe the anthocyanin powder at any time and anywhere, and timely adjust the size of pollination buds.

2. There are many ways of detasseling, according to the number of corollas, they can be divided into three types:

(1) Without the crown, keeping the flowers in the pollinating field not open, the advantage is that emasculation is thorough and convenient.

(2) Left half of the crown. When the male is removed, half of the corolla is removed. The flower damage is small, the speed of detasseling is high, and the result rate is high.

Scorpion emasculation is commonly used at home and abroad. It is suitable for all kinds of spicy (sweet) peppers. Unarmed emasculation is suitable for emasculation of capsicum varieties with moderate size. The greatest advantage is that emasculation is fast. According to observations, freehand males save about 1/3 of the pollinators compared to using male tweezers.

a. When the scorpion is emasculated, it is necessary to pay attention to the removal of the anthers, and it is not allowed to leave anthers. The result rate of the middle and short stigma buds is relatively low, which can be removed, and the development and enrichment of the flower buds with stigma heads are strongly recommended for pollination. The stalks of the peppers are brittle. When emasculating, pay attention to the direction of the buds. When holding the buds, do not turn them. Otherwise, it is easy to drop buds. When using tweezers, the ovary cannot be bumped. When emasculating, gently clamp the base of the flower with your left thumb and index finger, and gently poke the petals with forceps. The tip of the forceps extends from the base of the cartridge, gently loosening the grip on the forceps, and holding the anther. Open, or orderly upwards, the cartridge between the two sachets, and then remove the anther.

b. When emasculation is performed, gently hold the base of the bud with the thumb and index finger of the left hand and the middle finger. Hold the upper part of the corolla with the thumb, index finger and middle finger of the right hand, rotate the corolla gently clockwise, and then return, left and right hands. Pull gently to remove the anther and corolla from the flower at the same time and achieve the purpose of emasculation.

Pollination technology

In the actual operation, it must be combined with local conditions, such as whether the labor is sufficient, whether the fruit is normal or not. According to work experience, in the normal fruit setting, it is better to pollinate while dexiding. The reasons are: First, the day after the debauchery pollinators, it is easy to leak flowers, that is, no pollination after detasseling; Second, pollination to find the flowers have been detaches, to waste a lot of man-hours, pollination work efficiency is low; third, the peppers are at In the period of growth and development, shaking many times is not conducive to growth. For those varieties with low frequency of fruit set after pollination, the method of emasculating the same day and pollinating the next day can be adopted. When pollinating, the left hand is to take the flower when it is emasculated. When the right hand is emasculating, the pollen tube or the cover with pollen is gently placed close to the style, so that the stigma is stained with pollen. When the pollination is light, do not bump the styles and ovary. Otherwise, it will cause flowers to fall.

to mark

The method used for marking is based on the principle of being easy to distinguish, durable, convenient, cheap, and easy to make. Current methods used in production include fuses, colored wires, waste textile bags, inks, licking films, and removing leaves. The method of debriding is generally adopted in the pollination season where the rainfall is low, the air humidity is low, and the pests and diseases are few. When detasseling, the corner of the calyx can be removed. After you go, you must select the specific method according to the local source of the article and weather conditions. When marking, be sure to pay attention to emasculation, pollination, and marking.

X. Storage of pepper hybrid seeds

Before storage of common storage seeds, warehouses should be inspected, repaired and disinfected. After disinfection, the storage should be sealed for about 72 hours and then ventilated for 24 hours before the seeds can be stored. After the seeds are put into storage, do a good job of checking moisture, moisture, reasonable ventilation, temperature, moisture, and germination rate. During the storage of seeds, the seeds should be periodically checked for temperature, moisture content, germination rate, and other items.

The Dry Storage Method The dry storage method is to dry the pepper hybrid seeds below the water content standard that meets the sealed storage requirements. By controlling the oxygen supply and reducing the moisture content of the seed, it inhibits the seed's own metabolic activity, using various containers or airless Poison packaging materials are sealed and stored. When in storage, the seeds are packed into a double-layer polyethylene high-density film bag (specification 60 cm 100 cm). The weight of each bag is about 10 kg, and the maximum amount is 12 kg. (2-3 kg) buried in seeds. If the seed moisture content exceeds 8%, some silica gel should be sunburned or appropriate. After excluding the air in the bag as much as possible, tie the bag with a rope. Each bag of seeds must be provided with internal and external labels, indicating the variety, code, weight, source, date of storage, water content, germination rate, clarity, purity, etc. The internal label is placed between two layers of film bags, facing outwards. The outer label is affixed to the side of the lower corner of the bag.

When the seeds are stacked, the seeds of each bag are spread out and flattened, and then stacked into a single shape. The width of each pole is 2 lines, about 1.2 meters. The height of the stack is generally 10 layers, and the maximum is 12 layers. The height is not more than the height of the person. The length is determined according to the warehouse and the amount of seeds. The direction of the stack is east-west direction. Stacking is 0.5m from the silo wall, and there should be a 0.6m wide walkway between the two stacks.

Storage time, regularly check the seed temperature, moisture, germination rate, etc., change the silo over the warehouse to ensure that the seed moisture content of 7% -8%, the relative humidity within the seed bag is about 40%.

Low-temperature storage method In a large-scale seed storage, mechanical refrigeration and dehumidifier facilities are used to control the temperature in the warehouse to 5°C or less and the relative humidity to 55% or less. The bagging and stacking operations of the seed storage are the same as the room-temperature dry storage method except that the seeds are stored in a low-temperature, low-humidity warehouse. If the temperature in the warehouse is maintained at 5 °C 2 °C, relative humidity is 50% soil 5%, and the seed moisture is strictly controlled below 8%, it can be safely stored for 7-8 years.

We can supply Garlic Braids all the year round. The garlic braids range from 8 to 22 bulbs per braids.The garlic braids can be packed in small bags or cartons.We can also satisfy the packing and the length of braids you desire. The garlic braids order should be placed before garlic harvesting in China.

1. Commodity name: garlic braids

9. Shelf life: stored for up to 12 months in the proper conditions

Garlic Braids

Garlic Braids,Fresh Garlic Braid,White Garlic Braid,Normal Garlic Braids

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