(1) Balanced fertilization. The study of nitrogen front shift shows that there are about 20 kinds of nutrients needed for the growth of crops, of which nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are higher in the crop and more are absorbed, which are called three major elements. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are relatively rare in soil and need to be supplemented with fertilizers. Therefore, they are called “three elements of fertilizers.†The specific physiological functions of each element cannot be replaced by other nutrient elements. . (N: The most basic material that constitutes a biological organism is a nutrient element that increases yield and improves quality. In the absence of N, the plant leaves fade, the lower leaves yellow, the plants are short, the tillers are small, the ear becomes small and premature, and the grain is not Sufficient surplus will lead to long and lean plants, late-maturing gluttony, easy lodging and susceptibility, and increased emptying rate.P: is an important element in composing a crop's living body, participating in the synthesis, decomposition, and operation of nutrients, promoting the occurrence of labor and Root development: Phosphorus-deficit plants have reduced resistance, stunted growth, dwarfed plant height, and a columnar scent (planting pods), dark green dull leaves, purplish green leaves, and unequal heading. , Small panicle type, poor fruit quality.K: Promote photosynthesis of crops, participate in nutrient operation and metabolism, increase yield, improve quality, improve crop resistance, such as drought resistance, cold resistance, lodging resistance, resistance to pests and diseases In the lower K-deficit leaves, auburn spots and spots appear, and gradually expand to the upper leaves. In severe cases, rice leaves appear red, such as fire-like.) Balanced fertilization is based on soil fertility, the crop needs fertilizer law Administered to determine the appropriate amount of N, P and K, and then according to the soil, crop characteristics and reasonable arrangements basal dressing frequency and time, amount, to increase fertilizer use efficiency and reduce the loss of fertilizer pollution on soil, water sources.
It is forbidden to use organic wastes such as industrial wastes and domestic waste that have not been harmlessly disposed of, and manure (animals) excrement and urine that have not been detoxified and matured without fermentation.
Combined with soil testing and formulating fertilization projects, according to the target fertilizer yield setting fertilizer ratio test, we can see that: the level of nitrogen application on rice seedling growth, effective ear, plant height, yield and maturity of the most sensitive, followed by Shi The level of potassium, but the level of phosphorus application, seedlings, grain structure and yield changes are not. This shows that the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in the major soil types in my county have a greater contribution to increase rice yield. Therefore, on the premise of stabilizing the amount of phosphate fertilizer, it is necessary to pay special attention to the combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer. High-yield model demonstration and comprehensive experimental study have proved that rice yield is more than 700 kg per mu, and the amount of fertilizer should be controlled in pure nitrogen (N) 12-14 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 6-7 kg, potassium (K2O) 10-12 kg. Fertilization method for the base fertilizer: top dressing: panicle fertilizer is applied in 7:2:1 ratio. The specific method is to apply 70% of the total amount of farmyard manure, phosphate fertilizer, 80% potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer as basal fertilizer before transplanting, and the remaining nitrogen fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied separately after 7-10 days after transplanting and after replanting in the drying field. Five hundred grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed on the leaves to ensure that the seedlings in the group were attacked from the early stage and lived in the middle stage, but not in the late stage. Do not advocate the "one-shot" method of fertilization (previously caused by leaching and volatilization, and premature deferment of fat loss). Through fertility promotion of water stress, it is the full development of the chaff, which promotes the movement of carbohydrates to the grain to increase grain size. Heavy purpose.
(II) Early plugging at harvest time, moderately dense planting of rice in high-yield rice transplanting period from May 15th to June 5th (The best breeding time of rice is one-fourth of the whole growing period. There are more than one season in two seasons. The age of the lice is extended by 10 days, and the full heading period is delayed by about 2 days). From the analysis of many years of experiments, the shorter the age, the greater the potential for increasing the points (20-30 days in the South, and 3-4 years of leaf age in the south). Therefore, efforts are being made to insert early in the high-yield transplanting period. At present, I promote varieties, Pingchuan mainly large ear type, suitable for planting density of 105 inches or 10? 6 6 inches, acres of planting 1.1-1.3 million points, to ensure that each hole 7 to 8 seedlings, acres of basic seedlings inserted 9- 100,000. By moderately dense planting, broad-line narrow planting methods are adopted to increase ventilation and light transmission in the field, which is conducive to robust growth of plants, improvement of field microclimate, and reduction of pests and diseases.
(3) Scientific irrigation, rational promotion and control of water diversion and wet irrigation. To achieve shallow water transplanting, deep water protection seedlings, inch water to promote flooding, seedling enough or time to the field. (The seedlings are enough: 80~90% of the target panicles will be reached per mu seedlings, and will be 180,000 hours; the time will be June 20 and the latest will be June 25).
Rice field benefits:
1. Control the occurrence and growth of invalid childbirth, promote the rapid disappearance of invalid childbirth in the later period, enable the timely accumulation of nutrients to effective delivery, and increase the rate of delivery and spike formation.
2. Suppresses the growth of the aboveground parts, accumulates nutrients into the stalks and sheaths, and enhances lodging resistance.
3, to promote root development and increase root activity.
4, dredge soil air, eliminate toxic substances in the soil and improve soil physical and chemical properties. It is required to reach the appearance of the seedlings through the sun-strength: "The wind blows the leaves, the leaves puncture the palms, and the feet are not bound in the field and the leaves are short and strong."
Maturity early enough for the plots and muddy fields to re-sunshine, rejuvenation by the latest 10th of July (till differentiation into 2 ~ 3); booting period and heading Yanghua period to keep the shallow water layer; hook head after the seeds to take Intermittent irrigation (before the water does not see after water), mainly in the wet; wax drying wet and dry irrigation, will help improve soil aeration, increase root activity, and promote grain filling. About 7 days before the general harvest, the water drains off. In autumn and rainy years, muddy fields can be drained in advance. Sha Tin can be postponed. In the later period, both the prevention of premature water shortage and the avoidance of blue-salt and low-grain weight, and the prevention of deep watering, led to the soft lodging of the rod.
The occurrence of common diseases and pests of rice in our county, prevention and control of pests and diseases is one of the most direct and effective measures to increase the yield potential of rice and increase the yield level. There are many kinds of diseases and pests that endanger rice in our country. The main diseases are rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial blight, bastard disease, and rice smut, and there are at least 40 pests, including roots, leaves, stolons, or smokers. Juice, and can spread viral disease. In addition, there are many physiological diseases, such as the occurrence of rotten sputum in the spring, some places lack of phosphorus, potassium and "stomach pocket" and so on, have a great impact on the yield.
In the prevention and control strategy, we should adhere to the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control," and implement agro-ecological measures such as healthy body cultivation to form a reasonable group structure and a light and airy growth environment to reduce the occurrence of pests. On the basis of pest and disease monitoring, appropriate prevention and control indicators should be relaxed, and low-toxicity, safe and high-efficiency pesticides should be selected for pest control. Note that rice is generally no longer used after heading to ensure the safety and hygiene of rice.
(1) Rice blast disease: It is one of the most important diseases of rice. In popular years, production is generally reduced by 10 to 20%, and it is severe enough to reach 50% or even no harvest. When the rice leafhopper is in a serious condition, the whole field is fire-like. Due to the different time and location of the damage, the seedlings are divided into seedlings, leafhoppers, knots, panicles, and grain hoppers. maximum.
1, Miao Miao: The incidence of seedling stage, the general lesion is not obvious, the base of diseased seedlings grayish black, upper browning, curling, withered. When the humidity is high, lesions at the base produce a large amount of gray mold.
2, leafhoppers: seedlings from the three leaf stage to the panicle stage, leaf lesions often due to climatic conditions and varieties of disease resistance, shape, size and color are different. Divided into:
1Chronic type: Primary brown or dark green dots, expanded into a spindle shape, the lesion is grayish in the center, brown on the edges, with a pale yellow halo on the periphery, and a gray moldy layer on the back. The lesion spreads slowly.
2 acute type: the occurrence of appropriate conditions, susceptible varieties of leaves produce dark green, nearly round to oval lesions, both sides have a large number of gray mold layer, acute type of lesions is a sign of the pandemic of the disease.
3, spikes and neck ridges: the primary brown dots, after the expansion of the whole section of the panicle neck brown or gray brown, early onset and weight can cause white panicles, the incidence of late glutinous rice, large sporulation, and when the weather continues to rain, wrapped in The cob in the leaf sheath can also develop disease and turn brown throughout.
Incidence conditions:
1, varieties of poor resistance.
2, cultivation management. 1 excessive nitrogen fertilizer, too late. 2 Long-term irrigation of deep water in paddy field and cold-water immersion field, the soil lacks air, poor oxidation, soil organic matter in the anaerobic state to produce toxic substances, impede the normal growth and development of roots, disease resistance weakened.
3, weather factor. The temperature mainly affects the growth of rice plants and germs, and the humidity affects the spore formation, germination and invasion of the pathogen. The prevalence of leafhoppers and panicle-necked lice is closely related to rainfall sooner or later and rainfall. Rainy weather and relatively high air humidity are conducive to the epidemic of diseases. On the contrary, when the weather is sunny, the light is good, the leaf tissue is old and the air is dry, and it is not easy to develop. For example, during the 27 days from July 25 to August 20, 2005, there were 22 days of rainfall, rainfall increased by 75.7 mm compared with the normal year, and the average daily temperature was lower by 3.1°C, of ​​which the lowest was 5.3°C in mid-August. The temperature is 17°C in Pingchuan and 14°C in mountainous areas. In 2006, during the period of rice growth, there was continuous high temperature and little rain during 6, 7 and 8 months, and the air humidity was low, so the overall performance of rice blast was extremely light.
Control methods:
1, choose resistant varieties.
2, strengthen the cultivation and management. N, P, K with the application, the appropriate selection of siliceous fertilizer (grasswood ash), to avoid excessive nitrogen later, pay attention to increase the application of phosphate fertilizer in cold-sweeping fields; reasonable drainage and irrigation, timely field to improve the microclimate in the field.
3, pharmaceutical soaking.
4, drug control. Based on field surveys and field inspections, key pesticides are applied to protect disease-affecting centers and paddy fields that are in susceptible stages, and early spraying of leaf pods controls the onset centers and spray protection is applied to the surrounding rice fields. However, the focus of field spraying should be greater. Heavy panicles and necks. During the break period and the full heading period, one can use 40% rice bran WP 100 g or 25% tricyclazole wettable powder 100-150 g watered 50 kg spray.
(B), sheath blight: The disease occurs more commonly in our country, the light affected the grain filling, forming a large number of cereals, heavy can not heading or cause lodging, or even plant rot dead. The main damage to leaf sheaths and leaves, stalks, the formation of large-scale cloud shape, often due to leaf sheath destruction, moisture, nutrients blocked and leaves dead.
The occurrence and development of diseases: Diseases are mainly caused by the sclerotia falling into the soil and wintering, becoming the source of the second year's initial dip. The sclerotia have a strong viability. The surviving sclerotia floats on the surface during irrigation and is adhered to the rice plant after transplanting. Hyphae immersed during rice growth, the second generation of sclerotia formed by mycelium, spread by water flow and then dip.
Incidence of disease: occurrence of sheath blight is affected by the sclerotinia base (overwhelming annual sick field, large amount of sclerotia in winter, the initial incidence of more); meteorological conditions (high temperature and high humidity, July and August months high temperature rainy season, the higher the humidity, the more severe the incidence) Management of water and fertilizers (long-term deep-water flooding, high humidity between rice stalks, poor soil ventilation, reduced disease resistance, poor root growth, partial nitrogen fertilization, excessive dense planting, and poor ventilation and light transmission.)
Control methods:
1, remove bacteria source. After Daejeon's regrowth, the sclerotia are often blown into the fields by the wind. They should be taken out of the fields and burned or buried deep. The sick straw can not return to the field and eradicate field weeds.
2, good control of fertilizer. Change the long-term deep irrigation to shallow irrigation, ground irrigation, intermittent irrigation, not string irrigation, with water control disease, N, P, K with the use.
3, chemical control. At the peak of tillering (about 20 days after planting) and the incidence of sheath blight clusters at the booting stage of 15 to 20%, 5% Jinggangmycin 150-200g or 16% Xianxiandao harvest per acre, 77% Can kill WP 600 times spray, spraying should pay attention to spraying in the lower part of the plant in order to improve control efficiency.
Wheat stubble ploughing, the pest rise 6-12 times, in particular, should be given great attention.
(3) Rice smut (also known as powdery mildew, ash bag): It mainly occurs from flowering to milk ripening period. After onset, it not only causes severe reduction of production, but also pollutes rice. Residual toxins affect the health and safety of people and livestock. The high temperature and raininess of rice during flowering is conducive to the development of diseases. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, rice growth is too lush and green, and plants are susceptible to disease.
Chemical control can be combined with prevention and treatment of panicle stems. Generally, it is carried out 5 to 7 days before heading rice and before heading to the panicle, and 16% of the harvested mussels with 16% can be sprayed with 600 times the amount of wettable powder, or 25% with triadimefon 50 grams can be mixed with 50 kg of water. It can not only prevent rice smut, but also prevent sheath blight and grain smut.
(D), bacterial leaf blight: In the common areas of leaf blight, in the early onset of mu can be used 25% thiazole WP 25 grams or 25% eugenol wettable powder 100 grams watered spray. Especially after heavy storms, floods and other disasters, rice leaves are damaged, and timely spraying should be conducted to prevent major outbreaks of diseases.
(E) II. II: Two generations occurred in the Hanzhong area in one year, with the first generation causing the most serious damage. Mainly larvae damage rice, start of the field stage, the newly hatched larvae cluster within the leaf sheath sheath, forming a dry sheath; later larvae into the rice plant within the hazard, the rice in the tillering period caused by dry heart seedlings; booting period of the formation of dead ear; heading period White water spike.
Prevention is mainly from late May to early June, and no later than June 15th. In the sheath of rice seedlings, per acre with 5% Ruijinte suspension 30-40 ml watered 50 kg spray, or mu Insect pairs of 36 to 45 grams spray or spread control. The use of Ruijinte to control aphids should avoid contamination of cultured fish and shrimp ponds, and the use of pesticides and insecticides should avoid contamination of mulberry leaves.
Wheat stubble ploughing, the pest rise 6-12 times, in particular, should be given great attention.
(six), rice bran: Tiankan grass is the main place for spawning, but also the focus of prevention and control. Rice seedlings are planted, and weeds, canals, slopes, and weeds are thoroughly cleaned before field planting to reduce the source of insects. Chemical control can use matrine or 90% crystal trichlorfon water spray. (The focus of Daejeon's prevention and control is to catch the rice field, and the area is within 2 meters from the inn)
(7) Rice borer: Four generations of the year occur in the Hanzhong region. The overwintering adult emerges in the middle of May and is mainly responsible for laying eggs in the Putian. The second generation of the adult grows in mid-late July and the larvae in the middle and early August. The prosperous period is also a critical period for prevention and control (due to overlapping generations, the mature larvae and larvae of various ages that can be seen in the same field), especially the 5th instar larvae have large food intake and strong resistance, so seize the 3rd instar Prevention and control are the key to ensuring that rice is not harmed. Generally, it occurs in conditions of high rainfall and high humidity. Because the insect has chlorotic tendency and tenderness, it grows lushly, greenishly, and the late-maturing field of greediness suffers from serious local hazards.
Prevention and control of the focus is expected to August 10 before the panicle, greedy green late-maturing field, mu 90% crystal trichlorfon 100 grams, about the end of July spray control (choosing governance).
(8) Rice planthoppers and rice leafhoppers: mainly acicular mouthparts, sucking sap at the lower part of the rice stalks, consuming rice plant nutrients, and secreting toxic substances from the salivary glands, causing rice plant atrophy. The pests were severe in the mountains in the southern part of our county, and local occurrences occurred in Pingchuan. (In 2005, the farms and five-star villages produced severely.)
Control methods: On the basis of enhanced monitoring, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 50 grams water 50 kg in the booting stage, spraying the lower part of the rice plant.
(9) Rice leaf roller: It is a long-distance migratory pest, usually wintering in the south, and spring and summer adults migrate from south to north with the monsoon. In my area of ​​rice, 4 generations a year, the first generation in May-June, the second generation in June-July, the third generation in July-August, the fourth generation in September from north to south Move to fly. In general, the first generation is small in number and mostly in weeds. The large number of the second and third generations is the key to harm and prevention. The newly-incubated larvae spit into the tip of the leaf in the stage of rice tilling and heading, forming a needle-shaped insect infestation, eating the leaf flesh, leaving the epidermis, forming a strip of scraped white leaves, warm, rainy, high-temperature climate is an important condition for the high incidence of this worm. .
Chemical control: Use trichlorfon, fipronil, triazophos, etc. for 2-3 times.
(10) Weeding: The combination of artificial weeding and chemical weeding is generally used. One is advocating ducklings in rice fields, urging ducks to eat insects and eating grass. The second is to manually remove the grass in the field before harvest to prevent grass seeds from falling back to the field and reduce the amount of weeds in the field in the following year. The third is the transplanting and turning green with 10% Bensulfuron-WP powder 15-20 grams of water spray, or mu 50% of butachlor granules 100-120 grams mixed with fine soil.
It is forbidden to use organic wastes such as industrial wastes and domestic waste that have not been harmlessly disposed of, and manure (animals) excrement and urine that have not been detoxified and matured without fermentation.
Combined with soil testing and formulating fertilization projects, according to the target fertilizer yield setting fertilizer ratio test, we can see that: the level of nitrogen application on rice seedling growth, effective ear, plant height, yield and maturity of the most sensitive, followed by Shi The level of potassium, but the level of phosphorus application, seedlings, grain structure and yield changes are not. This shows that the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in the major soil types in my county have a greater contribution to increase rice yield. Therefore, on the premise of stabilizing the amount of phosphate fertilizer, it is necessary to pay special attention to the combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer. High-yield model demonstration and comprehensive experimental study have proved that rice yield is more than 700 kg per mu, and the amount of fertilizer should be controlled in pure nitrogen (N) 12-14 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 6-7 kg, potassium (K2O) 10-12 kg. Fertilization method for the base fertilizer: top dressing: panicle fertilizer is applied in 7:2:1 ratio. The specific method is to apply 70% of the total amount of farmyard manure, phosphate fertilizer, 80% potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer as basal fertilizer before transplanting, and the remaining nitrogen fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied separately after 7-10 days after transplanting and after replanting in the drying field. Five hundred grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed on the leaves to ensure that the seedlings in the group were attacked from the early stage and lived in the middle stage, but not in the late stage. Do not advocate the "one-shot" method of fertilization (previously caused by leaching and volatilization, and premature deferment of fat loss). Through fertility promotion of water stress, it is the full development of the chaff, which promotes the movement of carbohydrates to the grain to increase grain size. Heavy purpose.
(II) Early plugging at harvest time, moderately dense planting of rice in high-yield rice transplanting period from May 15th to June 5th (The best breeding time of rice is one-fourth of the whole growing period. There are more than one season in two seasons. The age of the lice is extended by 10 days, and the full heading period is delayed by about 2 days). From the analysis of many years of experiments, the shorter the age, the greater the potential for increasing the points (20-30 days in the South, and 3-4 years of leaf age in the south). Therefore, efforts are being made to insert early in the high-yield transplanting period. At present, I promote varieties, Pingchuan mainly large ear type, suitable for planting density of 105 inches or 10? 6 6 inches, acres of planting 1.1-1.3 million points, to ensure that each hole 7 to 8 seedlings, acres of basic seedlings inserted 9- 100,000. By moderately dense planting, broad-line narrow planting methods are adopted to increase ventilation and light transmission in the field, which is conducive to robust growth of plants, improvement of field microclimate, and reduction of pests and diseases.
(3) Scientific irrigation, rational promotion and control of water diversion and wet irrigation. To achieve shallow water transplanting, deep water protection seedlings, inch water to promote flooding, seedling enough or time to the field. (The seedlings are enough: 80~90% of the target panicles will be reached per mu seedlings, and will be 180,000 hours; the time will be June 20 and the latest will be June 25).
Rice field benefits:
1. Control the occurrence and growth of invalid childbirth, promote the rapid disappearance of invalid childbirth in the later period, enable the timely accumulation of nutrients to effective delivery, and increase the rate of delivery and spike formation.
2. Suppresses the growth of the aboveground parts, accumulates nutrients into the stalks and sheaths, and enhances lodging resistance.
3, to promote root development and increase root activity.
4, dredge soil air, eliminate toxic substances in the soil and improve soil physical and chemical properties. It is required to reach the appearance of the seedlings through the sun-strength: "The wind blows the leaves, the leaves puncture the palms, and the feet are not bound in the field and the leaves are short and strong."
Maturity early enough for the plots and muddy fields to re-sunshine, rejuvenation by the latest 10th of July (till differentiation into 2 ~ 3); booting period and heading Yanghua period to keep the shallow water layer; hook head after the seeds to take Intermittent irrigation (before the water does not see after water), mainly in the wet; wax drying wet and dry irrigation, will help improve soil aeration, increase root activity, and promote grain filling. About 7 days before the general harvest, the water drains off. In autumn and rainy years, muddy fields can be drained in advance. Sha Tin can be postponed. In the later period, both the prevention of premature water shortage and the avoidance of blue-salt and low-grain weight, and the prevention of deep watering, led to the soft lodging of the rod.
The occurrence of common diseases and pests of rice in our county, prevention and control of pests and diseases is one of the most direct and effective measures to increase the yield potential of rice and increase the yield level. There are many kinds of diseases and pests that endanger rice in our country. The main diseases are rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial blight, bastard disease, and rice smut, and there are at least 40 pests, including roots, leaves, stolons, or smokers. Juice, and can spread viral disease. In addition, there are many physiological diseases, such as the occurrence of rotten sputum in the spring, some places lack of phosphorus, potassium and "stomach pocket" and so on, have a great impact on the yield.
In the prevention and control strategy, we should adhere to the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control," and implement agro-ecological measures such as healthy body cultivation to form a reasonable group structure and a light and airy growth environment to reduce the occurrence of pests. On the basis of pest and disease monitoring, appropriate prevention and control indicators should be relaxed, and low-toxicity, safe and high-efficiency pesticides should be selected for pest control. Note that rice is generally no longer used after heading to ensure the safety and hygiene of rice.
(1) Rice blast disease: It is one of the most important diseases of rice. In popular years, production is generally reduced by 10 to 20%, and it is severe enough to reach 50% or even no harvest. When the rice leafhopper is in a serious condition, the whole field is fire-like. Due to the different time and location of the damage, the seedlings are divided into seedlings, leafhoppers, knots, panicles, and grain hoppers. maximum.
1, Miao Miao: The incidence of seedling stage, the general lesion is not obvious, the base of diseased seedlings grayish black, upper browning, curling, withered. When the humidity is high, lesions at the base produce a large amount of gray mold.
2, leafhoppers: seedlings from the three leaf stage to the panicle stage, leaf lesions often due to climatic conditions and varieties of disease resistance, shape, size and color are different. Divided into:
1Chronic type: Primary brown or dark green dots, expanded into a spindle shape, the lesion is grayish in the center, brown on the edges, with a pale yellow halo on the periphery, and a gray moldy layer on the back. The lesion spreads slowly.
2 acute type: the occurrence of appropriate conditions, susceptible varieties of leaves produce dark green, nearly round to oval lesions, both sides have a large number of gray mold layer, acute type of lesions is a sign of the pandemic of the disease.
3, spikes and neck ridges: the primary brown dots, after the expansion of the whole section of the panicle neck brown or gray brown, early onset and weight can cause white panicles, the incidence of late glutinous rice, large sporulation, and when the weather continues to rain, wrapped in The cob in the leaf sheath can also develop disease and turn brown throughout.
Incidence conditions:
1, varieties of poor resistance.
2, cultivation management. 1 excessive nitrogen fertilizer, too late. 2 Long-term irrigation of deep water in paddy field and cold-water immersion field, the soil lacks air, poor oxidation, soil organic matter in the anaerobic state to produce toxic substances, impede the normal growth and development of roots, disease resistance weakened.
3, weather factor. The temperature mainly affects the growth of rice plants and germs, and the humidity affects the spore formation, germination and invasion of the pathogen. The prevalence of leafhoppers and panicle-necked lice is closely related to rainfall sooner or later and rainfall. Rainy weather and relatively high air humidity are conducive to the epidemic of diseases. On the contrary, when the weather is sunny, the light is good, the leaf tissue is old and the air is dry, and it is not easy to develop. For example, during the 27 days from July 25 to August 20, 2005, there were 22 days of rainfall, rainfall increased by 75.7 mm compared with the normal year, and the average daily temperature was lower by 3.1°C, of ​​which the lowest was 5.3°C in mid-August. The temperature is 17°C in Pingchuan and 14°C in mountainous areas. In 2006, during the period of rice growth, there was continuous high temperature and little rain during 6, 7 and 8 months, and the air humidity was low, so the overall performance of rice blast was extremely light.
Control methods:
1, choose resistant varieties.
2, strengthen the cultivation and management. N, P, K with the application, the appropriate selection of siliceous fertilizer (grasswood ash), to avoid excessive nitrogen later, pay attention to increase the application of phosphate fertilizer in cold-sweeping fields; reasonable drainage and irrigation, timely field to improve the microclimate in the field.
3, pharmaceutical soaking.
4, drug control. Based on field surveys and field inspections, key pesticides are applied to protect disease-affecting centers and paddy fields that are in susceptible stages, and early spraying of leaf pods controls the onset centers and spray protection is applied to the surrounding rice fields. However, the focus of field spraying should be greater. Heavy panicles and necks. During the break period and the full heading period, one can use 40% rice bran WP 100 g or 25% tricyclazole wettable powder 100-150 g watered 50 kg spray.
(B), sheath blight: The disease occurs more commonly in our country, the light affected the grain filling, forming a large number of cereals, heavy can not heading or cause lodging, or even plant rot dead. The main damage to leaf sheaths and leaves, stalks, the formation of large-scale cloud shape, often due to leaf sheath destruction, moisture, nutrients blocked and leaves dead.
The occurrence and development of diseases: Diseases are mainly caused by the sclerotia falling into the soil and wintering, becoming the source of the second year's initial dip. The sclerotia have a strong viability. The surviving sclerotia floats on the surface during irrigation and is adhered to the rice plant after transplanting. Hyphae immersed during rice growth, the second generation of sclerotia formed by mycelium, spread by water flow and then dip.
Incidence of disease: occurrence of sheath blight is affected by the sclerotinia base (overwhelming annual sick field, large amount of sclerotia in winter, the initial incidence of more); meteorological conditions (high temperature and high humidity, July and August months high temperature rainy season, the higher the humidity, the more severe the incidence) Management of water and fertilizers (long-term deep-water flooding, high humidity between rice stalks, poor soil ventilation, reduced disease resistance, poor root growth, partial nitrogen fertilization, excessive dense planting, and poor ventilation and light transmission.)
Control methods:
1, remove bacteria source. After Daejeon's regrowth, the sclerotia are often blown into the fields by the wind. They should be taken out of the fields and burned or buried deep. The sick straw can not return to the field and eradicate field weeds.
2, good control of fertilizer. Change the long-term deep irrigation to shallow irrigation, ground irrigation, intermittent irrigation, not string irrigation, with water control disease, N, P, K with the use.
3, chemical control. At the peak of tillering (about 20 days after planting) and the incidence of sheath blight clusters at the booting stage of 15 to 20%, 5% Jinggangmycin 150-200g or 16% Xianxiandao harvest per acre, 77% Can kill WP 600 times spray, spraying should pay attention to spraying in the lower part of the plant in order to improve control efficiency.
Wheat stubble ploughing, the pest rise 6-12 times, in particular, should be given great attention.
(3) Rice smut (also known as powdery mildew, ash bag): It mainly occurs from flowering to milk ripening period. After onset, it not only causes severe reduction of production, but also pollutes rice. Residual toxins affect the health and safety of people and livestock. The high temperature and raininess of rice during flowering is conducive to the development of diseases. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, rice growth is too lush and green, and plants are susceptible to disease.
Chemical control can be combined with prevention and treatment of panicle stems. Generally, it is carried out 5 to 7 days before heading rice and before heading to the panicle, and 16% of the harvested mussels with 16% can be sprayed with 600 times the amount of wettable powder, or 25% with triadimefon 50 grams can be mixed with 50 kg of water. It can not only prevent rice smut, but also prevent sheath blight and grain smut.
(D), bacterial leaf blight: In the common areas of leaf blight, in the early onset of mu can be used 25% thiazole WP 25 grams or 25% eugenol wettable powder 100 grams watered spray. Especially after heavy storms, floods and other disasters, rice leaves are damaged, and timely spraying should be conducted to prevent major outbreaks of diseases.
(E) II. II: Two generations occurred in the Hanzhong area in one year, with the first generation causing the most serious damage. Mainly larvae damage rice, start of the field stage, the newly hatched larvae cluster within the leaf sheath sheath, forming a dry sheath; later larvae into the rice plant within the hazard, the rice in the tillering period caused by dry heart seedlings; booting period of the formation of dead ear; heading period White water spike.
Prevention is mainly from late May to early June, and no later than June 15th. In the sheath of rice seedlings, per acre with 5% Ruijinte suspension 30-40 ml watered 50 kg spray, or mu Insect pairs of 36 to 45 grams spray or spread control. The use of Ruijinte to control aphids should avoid contamination of cultured fish and shrimp ponds, and the use of pesticides and insecticides should avoid contamination of mulberry leaves.
Wheat stubble ploughing, the pest rise 6-12 times, in particular, should be given great attention.
(six), rice bran: Tiankan grass is the main place for spawning, but also the focus of prevention and control. Rice seedlings are planted, and weeds, canals, slopes, and weeds are thoroughly cleaned before field planting to reduce the source of insects. Chemical control can use matrine or 90% crystal trichlorfon water spray. (The focus of Daejeon's prevention and control is to catch the rice field, and the area is within 2 meters from the inn)
(7) Rice borer: Four generations of the year occur in the Hanzhong region. The overwintering adult emerges in the middle of May and is mainly responsible for laying eggs in the Putian. The second generation of the adult grows in mid-late July and the larvae in the middle and early August. The prosperous period is also a critical period for prevention and control (due to overlapping generations, the mature larvae and larvae of various ages that can be seen in the same field), especially the 5th instar larvae have large food intake and strong resistance, so seize the 3rd instar Prevention and control are the key to ensuring that rice is not harmed. Generally, it occurs in conditions of high rainfall and high humidity. Because the insect has chlorotic tendency and tenderness, it grows lushly, greenishly, and the late-maturing field of greediness suffers from serious local hazards.
Prevention and control of the focus is expected to August 10 before the panicle, greedy green late-maturing field, mu 90% crystal trichlorfon 100 grams, about the end of July spray control (choosing governance).
(8) Rice planthoppers and rice leafhoppers: mainly acicular mouthparts, sucking sap at the lower part of the rice stalks, consuming rice plant nutrients, and secreting toxic substances from the salivary glands, causing rice plant atrophy. The pests were severe in the mountains in the southern part of our county, and local occurrences occurred in Pingchuan. (In 2005, the farms and five-star villages produced severely.)
Control methods: On the basis of enhanced monitoring, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 50 grams water 50 kg in the booting stage, spraying the lower part of the rice plant.
(9) Rice leaf roller: It is a long-distance migratory pest, usually wintering in the south, and spring and summer adults migrate from south to north with the monsoon. In my area of ​​rice, 4 generations a year, the first generation in May-June, the second generation in June-July, the third generation in July-August, the fourth generation in September from north to south Move to fly. In general, the first generation is small in number and mostly in weeds. The large number of the second and third generations is the key to harm and prevention. The newly-incubated larvae spit into the tip of the leaf in the stage of rice tilling and heading, forming a needle-shaped insect infestation, eating the leaf flesh, leaving the epidermis, forming a strip of scraped white leaves, warm, rainy, high-temperature climate is an important condition for the high incidence of this worm. .
Chemical control: Use trichlorfon, fipronil, triazophos, etc. for 2-3 times.
(10) Weeding: The combination of artificial weeding and chemical weeding is generally used. One is advocating ducklings in rice fields, urging ducks to eat insects and eating grass. The second is to manually remove the grass in the field before harvest to prevent grass seeds from falling back to the field and reduce the amount of weeds in the field in the following year. The third is the transplanting and turning green with 10% Bensulfuron-WP powder 15-20 grams of water spray, or mu 50% of butachlor granules 100-120 grams mixed with fine soil.
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