The packaging machinery industry is a supporting industry for the packaging industry and plays an important role in the light industry machinery industry. For many years, packaging machinery has provided important technical support for the packaging industry and played an important role in the development of the packaging industry. More and more people in the packaging industry believe that the development of the packaging industry lies in the development of packaging machinery. Imagine that more than 10 years ago, China's packaging machinery industry technology is still very backward, a large number of imported packaging machinery. At the same time, the packaging machinery industry has continuously innovated on the basis of absorbing and digesting foreign advanced technology. Now it has formed a complete industrial system. The technical level of packaging machinery has been continuously improved, not only meeting domestic demand, but also many packaging machinery have realized export. Earning foreign exchange. However, compared with the development of foreign packaging machinery, there are still many gaps in China. In the next period, China's packaging industry is facing great development opportunities, and packaging machinery will also have greater development.
I. Development status of international packaging machinery technology industry
(1) New trends in the development of international packaging machinery
At present, the countries with high levels of foreign packaging machinery mainly include the United States, Germany, Japan, Italy and the United Kingdom. Among them, German packaging machinery is in a leading position in design, manufacturing and technical performance. In 2002, the output value of German packaging machinery reached 3.4 billion euros, and 77% of its output was exported. In recent years, the development of packaging machinery and equipment in these countries has shown a new trend.
1. Process automation is getting higher and higher
At present, automatic technology accounts for more than 50% of the packaging production line, and a large number of computer design and mechatronic control are used, and the robot is added to complete complex packaging actions (simulating manual packaging). Each robot is controlled by a separate computer. The camera monitors the packaging action and feeds the information back to the computer to adjust the range of motion to ensure high quality packaging. At the same time, it has automatic recognition function for packaging material and thickness, and then controls the mechanical action after computer calculation. It is completely "adaptive" system to ensure the system works under optimal conditions. For example, beer filling equipment in Germany has reached 120,000 bottles per hour, and cigarette packaging machines have reached 12,000 per minute. In the event of a failure of a high-speed device, the loss is equally alarming, so high-speed equipment must have a fault analysis system (self-diagnostic system), and can eliminate faults by itself, so that productivity can be improved.
2. Adapt to product changes, design with good flexibility and flexibility
In order to meet the needs of competition, the cycle of product renewal is getting shorter and shorter, and some products are even changed in one season. The service life of packaging machinery is much longer than the life cycle of the product, so some packaging machinery should adapt to product changes and can only adapt to flexibility and flexibility, including flexible quantity, flexible construction and flexible supply. The structure can be modularized, and the flexibility of supply means that a machine can realize multiple packaging combinations, and realize multiple feeding ports and different forms of packaging.
3. Strong supply capacity
For example, a material filling line has more than 200 microcomputer parts, more than 100 kinds of control software, and the filling and capping parts are two sets of combinations, and other parts are shared. Only one supplier can complete the process from engineering design, installation, commissioning to final acceptance.
4. Universal simulation design
The design process of the packaging machine is first to store various machine units in the form of data into the computer, then digitize the drawings and input them into the computer. The computer automatically synthesizes the 3D model, and then inputs the actual production indicators and data, possible failures, etc. computer. The computer 3D model can be operated according to the actual working conditions, and the model can be modified according to the user's opinion until the user is satisfied. The use of computer simulation technology has greatly shortened the design cycle and new product development cycle of packaging machinery.
(II) Analysis of market demand for packaging machinery in the world
According to statistics, global packaging machinery demand is expected to grow at a rate of 5.3% per year. The largest manufacturers of packaging equipment are: the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy and China. The demand for foreign packaging machinery market is different.
The French packaging machinery market has grown steadily since 1998 with a 4%-5% ratio and is currently the third largest packaging machinery market in Europe. The French market has a feature that the demand for flexible, versatile and automated machinery is growing. Most of the imported products from France come from the European Union, and products from the United States and Japan also account for a large proportion.
In the European packaging machinery market, according to the market research report of Frost & Sullivan, the market value of European packaging machinery is expected to grow to 6.5 billion US dollars by 2007, and the market potential is huge. Industries that traditionally do not use packaging systems will become new customers in the packaging machinery market, and thus become one of the factors that stimulate sales growth.
The market capacity of Russian packaging machinery is 5-7 billion US dollars per year, of which Russian manufacturers only account for 20% of the capacity, and these manufacturers mainly produce automated equipment, and currently have no ability to meet the overall needs of the Russian packaging industry. Germany, Italy and Sweden are major importers and exporters of equipment.
German packaging machinery is in a leading position in design, manufacturing and technical aspects. China is an important exporter of German packaging machinery, especially food processing and packaging machinery. The main export markets for packaging machinery in Germany are the United States, Britain, France, China and Russia. Germany's packaging machinery ranks first in the world with an 85% quota. German packaging machinery export trade has two major characteristics: First, the absolute amount is large; second, the relative proportion is high. German packaging machinery manufacturers are committed to researching high-tech, high-quality production and reliable services. The winner is the ability to provide solutions to all types of production problems and a complete production line, and to maintain a cooperative relationship with professional companies.
The United States is a country with a long history of packaging machinery development in the world. It has already formed an independent and complete packaging machinery system, and its variety and output rank first in the world. Since the 1990s, the US packaging machinery industry has maintained a good momentum of development. Most of the packaging machinery manufacturing plants in the United States are affiliated with large packaging materials factories, and sales are completely dependent on the parent company. China has become the sixth largest export market for packaging machinery in the United States after Canada, Mexico, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Germany.
Japan's packaging machinery manufacturing plant is mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, there are more than 200, there are more than 100 packaging materials, packaging machinery related equipment manufacturers, packaging machinery, nearly 500 varieties, more than 700 specifications. 148 packaging machinery manufacturers joined the Japan Packaging Machinery Industry Association, which accounts for 70% of Japan's packaging machinery production. The sales of food packaging machinery accounted for 51% of the packaging industry. The packaging machinery is mainly small and medium-sized single machine, which has the advantages of small size, high precision, easy installation, convenient operation and high automation. The main market for Japanese packaging machinery is the country, and exports account for only 10% of the total output. Asia is the main export market for Japanese packaging machinery. Since the 1990s, Japan’s exports to China have grown substantially year after year. Since 1995, China has become the largest exporter of packaging machinery in Japan.
Italy is the world's fourth largest producer of packaging machinery and the second largest exporter of packaging machinery. Italian packaging machinery has the characteristics of excellent performance, sophisticated appearance and low price. The export ratio accounts for about 80%, and the United States is its largest export market. Since the 1990s, Italy’s exports of packaging machinery to China have grown rapidly; in 1995, in Italy’s export rankings, China has jumped to second place. In recent years, the Italian packaging industry has developed rapidly, and its output value and export value have been growing year by year, ranking first in the world.
Throughout the international market, packaging machinery is highly competitive and market monopolies are becoming increasingly apparent.
(III) Current status and development trend of foreign packaging machinery related technologies
With the advancement of science and technology, the cycle of a new product from development to market has become shorter and shorter, and the packaging structure and form have become increasingly diversified. Sometimes a product needs to be packaged in various forms to suit different regions and different consumer groups. From creativity, color, specifications, materials to production methods, there must be different requirements. In recent years, many foreign packaging machinery have applied the high-tech of modern advanced packaging machinery, and the characteristics of machinery tend to be “three highs†– high speed, high efficiency and high quality. On the one hand, these developed countries, in order to meet the diversified needs of modern commodity packaging, develop multi-variety, small-volume general packaging technology equipment, while keeping pace with the development of science and technology, developing and developing high-tech and modern packaging machinery, such as the aerospace industry. Technology (heat pipe), microelectronics, magnetic technology, information processing technology, laser technology, biotechnology and new processing technologies are all being applied.
Throughout the development of the world's packaging machinery manufacturing industry, the development of modern science and technology represented by information technology has put forward higher and newer requirements for the packaging machinery manufacturing industry. It has been progressing along with the development of high-tech and emerging industries, and fully It reflects the general trend and characteristics of the era of packaging machinery manufacturing technology in the direction of intelligence, flexibility, networking, precision, green and globalization. Advanced manufacturing technology has enabled foreign machinery manufacturers to target the market and actively introduce versatile packaging machinery to meet the needs of packaging manufacturers. New stretch packaging machines such as stretch blow molding machines made in Italy, three-sided sealing bag machines made in the USA, computerized packaging printers made in Japan, aseptic filling machines made in France, and low-cost weighing packaging machines made in Denmark. Overlay. With the advent of new packaging materials, packaging technology has also undergone new changes. If the stretched stretch film appears, the processes such as wrapping, shrinking, and bundling are integrated, and the operation is simplified and quick. The new thinking of packaging is to detach the existing packaging technology and products, and apply other related technology combinations to the packaging to form a new packaging technology. For example, the packaging curing technology will cure and dry energy, from heat to light; packaging and cutting technology realizes new cutting and forming instruments; packaging and processing technology can closely combine packaging and processing; packaging function borrowing technology The packaging function is beyond the packaging, and the value-adding effect is large; the packaging function protection technology adds functional ingredients such as preservation, sterilization, moisture proof, anti-static, anti-odor and the like into the packaging material. In short, moving towards multi-function and single high-speed polarization is the trend of the world's packaging machinery manufacturing technology.
Second, the packaging machinery market deducts international competition
At present, in addition to corrugated box packaging machinery and some small packaging machines in China, there are certain scale advantages. Other packaging machinery is almost system and scale, especially some packaging production lines with large demand on the market, such as liquid filling production lines and beverage packaging containers. Complete sets of equipment, aseptic packaging production lines, cigarette packaging production lines, etc., are almost monopolized by several world-class packaging machinery companies (groups). Experts predict that with the entry of foreign companies into China, some uncompetitive packaging machinery enterprises in China will be acquired, merged or bankrupted by foreign companies. Some packaging products will be monopolized by several large enterprises, and the monopoly scope will gradually be from cigarettes and beverage packaging. Mechanical products are expanded to other packaging machinery products.
Xie Yichang, executive vice president of China Packaging Federation, believes that some of China's existing packaging machinery products are not high in technical content, and many advanced technologies have been applied to packaging machinery, such as remote remote control technology (including monitoring). Into motor technology, automatic flexible compensation technology, laser cutting technology, information processing technology, etc., which greatly improve the performance of the product. Chinese packaging companies should actively introduce these new technologies and improve domestic machinery. But just doing this is not enough, because packaging machinery is a product with high technology and high speed. Once a certain technology has a breakthrough, it is first applied in packaging machinery. Therefore, it is the fundamental way to actively accelerate the application of new technologies and improve the technical content. The international packaging community places great emphasis on improving the general capabilities of packaging machinery and the entire packaging system. Therefore, the professionalization of packaging machinery parts production is an inevitable trend of development. Many parts are no longer produced by packaging machinery factories, but by some general standard parts factories. Some special parts are produced by highly specialized manufacturers. It is very likely that these parts factories do not produce complete sets of packaging machinery and equipment, but they are truly famous. The packaging machinery factory will probably be an assembly plant because many of the control components or structural components of the packaging machinery are the same as the general-purpose equipment and can be borrowed. China's current charter industry is not suitable for the "small but complete" and "big and complete" pattern and the development trend of specialization. The overall structure of this unreasonable enterprise should be adjusted as soon as possible. The ultimate goal of packaging machinery is to increase productivity and product diversification. This has led to the development of packaging machinery product specifications towards dual polarization, namely multi-function and single high speed. Some large companies, such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola products, are constantly being sold around the world. The requirements for packaging products are very efficient, emphasizing speed and quality, while replacing the packaging structure is secondary.
With China's accession to the WTO, such products and enterprises will be more and more in China, and multi-functionality is developed to adapt to the changing market demand. For example, there are pillows, triangles (aliens) and conjoined ones. The packaging of these products is required to be completed on a set of packaging equipment. That is, only a little change in the local control or operation of the machine can complete the packaging of different structural forms. In addition, a variety of new packaging materials and technologies will continue to be used in the field of packaging machinery. At the same time, due to the protection of “tariff barriers†in the past, many packaging machinery manufacturers in China mainly face domestic competitors. The main method of competition is to make a price war or make a fuss about sales. After joining the WTO, various packaging machinery powers will appear in China's packaging market. Domestic enterprises that have lost their tariff protection will face foreign competitors directly, and market competition will become more intense. After selecting the entry point of the market, stepping up technical input and technological innovation is the key issue that domestic packaging machinery enterprises should solve first.
Third, the problems in China's packaging machinery manufacturing industry
China's packaging machinery started late, after more than 20 years of development, China's packaging machinery has become one of the top ten industries in the machinery industry, providing a strong guarantee for the rapid development of China's packaging industry. In addition to basically meeting the needs of the domestic market, some products are also exported. However, China's packaging machinery exports are still less than 5% of the total output value. Therefore, the main problems are: First, the lack of macro-level planning; second, the lack of capital investment; third, the lack of professional and technical personnel. In summary, compared with developed countries, the product and technology gap mainly shows the following aspects:
From the perspective of product structure, there are only 1,300 kinds of packaging machinery in China, with a small number of matching, lack of high precision and large-scale products, which can not meet the market demand; the product quality gap is manifested in low product performance, poor stability and reliability, and the appearance is not beautiful. The surface treatment is rough, many components are of poor quality, short life and low reliability, which affects the quality of the overall product. From the perspective of the enterprise, the domestic packaging machinery industry lacks leading enterprises, and there are not many enterprises with large production scale and high product quality; From the perspective of product development, China still basically stays in the test imitation stage, with weak self-development capabilities, lack of research and production pilot bases, research funding only accounts for 1% of sales, while foreign countries are as high as 8%-10%.
The technical level of China's packaging machinery, from a holistic perspective, is 20 years behind the technological level of advanced countries, and is at a disadvantage in terms of product development, performance, quality, reliability, and service. Relevant expert advice...
1. In terms of product structure, market-oriented, change the current low-tech content, low-level competition, eliminate a number of low-efficiency, high-consumption, low-grade, low value-added, labor-intensive products, and strive Develop and produce large-scale complete sets of equipment and high-tech products with high efficiency, low consumption, production and sales.
2. In terms of packaging function, industrial and agricultural products should be refined and diversified, and packaging machinery products should be developed in the direction of product multi-function and single high-speed polarization.
3. In terms of technical performance, advanced technologies in other fields should be applied to packaging machinery, such as mechatronics technology, heat pipe technology, remote remote control technology, automatic flexible compensation technology, etc., so that the technical performance of products is greatly improved.
4. Specialized production has become a trend in manufacturing. International packaging machinery manufacturers attach great importance to the general capabilities of packaging machinery and the entire packaging system, some common standard parts are no longer produced by the packaging machinery factory, some special parts are produced by highly specialized manufacturers, and the real packaging machinery The factory is in some sense an assembly plant.
Fourth, new opportunities for China's packaging machinery industry are emerging
According to the industry's 11th Five-Year Plan, by 2010, the total sales of the domestic industry will reach 130 billion yuan, and the market demand will reach 200 billion yuan. Considering the continuous emergence of new technologies and new technologies in the world, according to the current situation that the output value of new products in the industry is only 9.84%, by 2010, China will import more than 70 billion yuan of food and packaging machinery. In the face of severe international competition and huge domestic demand, we must develop new processes, new technologies, introduce and use new equipment, and provide high-quality products and services to the market. During the 11th Five-Year Plan, challenges and opportunities coexist. We must earnestly grasp the opportunities and strive for China's packaging machinery to occupy a place in the international market competition.
Affected by the international packaging trend, domestic beer and beverage manufacturers began to use plastic film packaging in the product packaging process, gradually replacing traditional carton packaging and plastic turnover boxes. The demand for plastic film packaging equipment has increased significantly, so the outlook for plastic packaging is very optimistic. At present, through the introduction of foreign advanced technology, more than ten domestic enterprises have developed plastic packaging machinery, and the sales momentum is strong. The market for plastic film packaging machinery and equipment has broad prospects. More companies will join the field in the future, and competition will become increasingly fierce.
Information from the China Food and Packaging Machinery Industry Association indicates that the development potential of fruit and vegetable food packaging machinery is huge, especially for large-scale complete sets of machinery and equipment that can make fruit and vegetable foods into large-scale production, to fill the market gap. At present, due to the lack of advanced food processing and packaging machinery, China's food industry cannot timely package and process fruit and vegetable products, causing about 25% of fruits, 30% of vegetables and 20% of aquatic products to decay and deteriorate every year, coupled with poor packaging. It causes great economic losses every year. Relevant experts believe that the development of advanced and applicable fruit and vegetable juice, processing and packaging machinery is promising. This type of machinery not only preserves the original flavor of fresh fruit, but also caters to consumers.
Corrugated cardboard and carton products can be regarded as the leader in the packaging industry. There are nearly 10,000 cartons (boxes) packaging factories in the country. For more than a decade, the demand for corrugated cardboard, box (box) and printing equipment in the domestic circulation field has not been reduced, and demand is in short supply. In addition to a large number of daily necessities using carton packaging, motorcycles and bicycles are now widely used in carton packaging, and the indispensable fruits in daily life are also packaged from the willow baskets to cartons. According to industry forecasts, vegetables will be packed in cartons in the future. With the current economic recovery and further development, the speed of renewal and transformation of carton packaging enterprises is accelerating, and various corrugated cardboard and carton (box) complete sets of equipment such as five-layer, seven-layer, nine-layer and high-strength are required.
As China's macroeconomic and microeconomic situation is getting better, social demand will show steady growth and it is expected to stimulate the growth of plastic products consumption. The strong consumption of plastic packaging products will certainly promote the technological progress and rapid development of the plastic packaging machinery industry, so the prospect of plastic packaging machinery is brilliant. China's plastic packaging industry seems to be starting a new wave of equipment introduction, many companies have introduced advanced plastic film production lines from abroad. While a large number of foreign equipments have been introduced, many small and medium-sized enterprises have introduced domestic film production lines. However, domestic equipment is still not satisfactory to users in many aspects, and there is still considerable room for improvement in design.
During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, agricultural and sideline products processing equipment will be the focus of industry development. Because the State Council has determined that agriculture, rural areas, and peasants (that is, “three ruralâ€) will be the focus of work in the future, and an important way to solve the problem of farmers getting rich is the comprehensive utilization, processing and local value-added of agricultural and sideline products. Providing new markets and development opportunities for food and packaging machinery. Food and packaging equipment with strong market demand is:
(1) Starch processing machinery, corn, potato starch and its comprehensive utilization equipment including wheat, rice, beans, cereals and wet processing. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, the market demand will exceed 50 billion yuan.
(2) Fruit and vegetable processing and comprehensive utilization equipment. If the increase is increased by 10%, that is, the annual processing reaches 55 million tons, about 250 production lines with an annual processing capacity of 200,000 tons, and the market demand for equipment will reach 15 billion yuan.
(3) Meat processing equipment. If the meat processing ratio reaches 20%, that is, the net increase in the amount of 6 million tons, it is necessary to increase the production line by about 400, and the market demand will increase by 8 billion yuan.
(4) The beer industry has stabilized, with an annual growth rate of around 5%. The net increase in 5 years is about 750 tons. The demand for beer production and filling and packaging equipment will exceed 40 billion yuan.
(5) The growth of beverage consumption during the fifteenth period was relatively high, with an increase of 20%-30%. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, it may be weaker and stronger, but the average growth rate will still exceed 10%, that is, the net increase will be more than 10 million tons during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, and its Water Treatment, filling and equipment will cost about 10 billion yuan.
(6) Aquatic product processing equipment. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, aquatic products will be developed in the direction of deep processing and comprehensive utilization. For example, the amount of deep processing increased by 10% is 4.7 million tons, and the investment in equipment is about 20 billion yuan.
(7) Most of the dairy machinery is imported. In particular, more than 95% of the dairy packaging machinery is imported, and nearly 1,000 production lines have been imported. The packaging materials market is almost always supplied by foreign countries.
(8) Bean processing machinery, focusing on improving the comprehensive utilization ability, extracting various trace elements and various proteins, the annual net increase in equipment demand will exceed 3 billion yuan.
(9) Other packaging machinery, such as bottles, bags, bundles, packaging, paper containers, plastic containers, glass containers, metal containers and cement, fertilizers, pesticides, human and animal drugs and other packaging machinery. With the development of production, the annual growth rate of packaging machinery should be 15%-17%, and the average annual increment should exceed 5 billion yuan.
In 2006, new sterilization technology, preservation technology, active packaging technology, and antibacterial packaging materials have been introduced to China with equipment. These technologies have not been developed in China, and some companies will use these technologies to develop their own new products. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, it is estimated that the domestic equipment occupancy rate of these high-end products is only about 1/3. Due to insufficient investment in research and too little development funds, the difference between this new technology and new products will last for at least 10 years. The export portion is likely to rise faster. Because, at present, some of the newer technologies in China are suitable technologies and equipment for the Southeast Asian market, the Russian market, the Middle East and Africa. The export prospects are promising. In recent years, the export growth rate has been above 20%. It is estimated that by 2010, the export value of food and packaging machinery will reach 1.2 billion US dollars, and a large number of high-level food packaging machinery will appear in the international market.
V. Promoting the development of packaging machinery
(1) Promoting upgrading
The extensive operation of increasing capital investment and expanding production scale cannot meet the needs of the development of the situation. China's packaging production has entered a new era of adjusting product structure and improving development capabilities. Technology upgrading, industrial upgrading, and operation management are important issues for the development of the industry.
Experts suggest that we should be market-oriented, change the current low-tech content, low-level competition, eliminate a number of low-efficiency, high-consumption, low-grade value-added, labor-intensive products, and strive to develop high-efficiency and low-cost production. Large-scale complete sets of equipment and high-tech products for production and sales. In terms of packaging function, industrial and agricultural products tend to be refined and diversified, and packaging machinery products should be developed in the direction of product multi-function and single high-speed polarization. In terms of technical performance, advanced technologies in other fields should be applied to packaging machinery to greatly improve the technical performance of the products.
(2) Promoting technological progress
At present, many research institutes and universities in China have quite a number of R&D technicians, but most of them lack projects. They already have considerable modern design knowledge, but lack practical experience in some aspects of packaging machinery. Leaders of modern enterprises should be good at integrating these technical forces at home and abroad to serve their own research tasks. The possibility that China's new packaging machinery development projects are listed in the national science and technology research projects is very small, and the industry associations should organize the relevant enterprises and institutions to form an integrated research mechanism for production, education and research. Give full play to their respective advantages and jointly apply to the competent authorities, and strive to obtain more policy and financial support from relevant government departments.
According to the development of China's packaging industry, reasonable introduction of advanced equipment to accelerate the process of digestion and absorption. For packaging machinery and equipment with large market demand and technical difficulty, it is necessary to concentrate on the advantages of the industry, take the road of combining production, study and research, organize and target digestion and absorption, research and research, develop packaging machinery with intellectual property rights, and break Foreign technology monopoly accelerates the improvement of the technical level and self-sufficiency of packaging in China.
(3) Implementing talent strategy
Packaging machinery designers must pay close attention to the development of packaging systems, in-depth research on packaging technology, familiar with the latest research results of new packaging materials, and timely develop advanced packaging production lines suitable for China's national conditions according to market demand and domestic actual conditions. Designing high-speed precision packaging machinery requires designers to have systematic modern design theory and knowledge. However, the course content of the current university mechanical design major in our country is only some preliminary basic knowledge, and its depth and breadth are difficult to meet the above design requirements. The most typical example is that although China has been able to design and manufacture many of the equipment in high-speed beer filling lines, it still does not design and manufacture beer bottle high-speed labeling machines. Chinese designers do not master the dynamic design theory and method of high-speed packaging machinery, and will not solve the dynamic accuracy of the mechanism under high-speed conditions.
As a packaging machinery designer, you must master modern mechanical theory and learn modern technologies such as CAD/CALM, CAE, reverse engineering, dynamic design, mechatronics, and ergonomics. It is necessary to adopt the methods of “going out†and “please come in†to improve the level of existing technicians.
(4) Emphasis on brand strategy
A shoddy product can never be a brand name product. Cheap products at the expense of quality and reliability may be able to cater to the needs of certain users for the time being, but in the long run, it is also impossible to form well-known brands. Foreign high-profile packaging machinery manufacturers are supported by the long-term reputation of products in terms of quality, price and service. In order to create brand products with distinctive characteristics, China's packaging machinery manufacturers must take a development path with Chinese characteristics to meet the various needs of the high, medium and low grades in the domestic market, and create brand-name brands that meet user requirements in different grades. product. On the basis of rigorous testing in the domestic market, we will gradually expand the sales share of foreign markets, and ultimately enable China's packaging machinery production to compete in domestic and international markets.
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